Filed Date: Feb. 3, 2017
Closed Date: Oct. 2, 2018
Clearinghouse coding complete
The below summary is a condensed version. The full summary can be found here on the Clearinghouse website.
Hawaii Attorney General Douglas S. Chin filed this lawsuit on February 3, 2017 against President Trump’s Jan. 27, 2017 Executive Order (EO-1) barring legal immigrants, visitors, and refugees from seven majority-Muslim countries from entering the US and barring Syrian refugees indefinitely. The State filed a concurrent complaint and motion for a temporary restraining order in the U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaii. The case was assigned to Judge Derrick K. Watson.
The complaint argued that Hawaii has an interest in protecting “its residents, its employers, its educational institutions, and its sovereignty against illegal actions of President Donald J. Trump.” The complaint noted that Hawaii is the nation’s most ethnically diverse state, and that EO-1 was tearing apart families and wounding Hawaii’s economic institutions. The complaint alleged that EO-1 violated the First Amendment Establishment Clause, Fifth Amendment equal protection and due process rights, the Administrative Procedure Act, and the Immigration and Nationality Act.
Hawaii sought declaratory and injunctive relief; it asked the court to enjoin defendants nationwide from barring entry to the US of immigrants and nonimmigrants pursuant to EO-1.
On March 6, prompted by adverse developments in another case, Washington v. Trump, the President rescinded the Jan. 27 EO and replaced it with a narrower one, Executive Order 13780 (EO-2). EO-2 departed from EO-1 in two significant ways: first, it removed Iraq from the list of countries covered by the order, and second it no longer barred entry to lawful permanent residents and existing visa holders. Additionally, for other would-be travelers and immigrants, it banned entry into the United States but set up a case-by-case waiver process.
On March 8, the court allowed Hawaii to file a Second Amended Complaint and motion for TRO. The State of Hawaii's Second Amended Complaint alleged that "the second Executive Order is infected with the same legal problems as the first Order," namely, that it violated the First and Fifth Amendments along with the INA and APA. Later, a number of parties, including many civil rights advocacy groups, filed their appearance in the suit. A number of parties also filed amici briefs and appearances.
On March 15, the District Court heard oral argument on Hawaii's motion for a temporary restraining order. The court granted the motion on the same day, enjoining the defendants nationwide from enforcing or implementing Sections 2 and 6 of EO-2. Specifically, the court found that the plaintiffs had met their burden of establishing a strong likelihood of success on the merits of their Establishment Clause claim, that irreparable injury is likely if the requested relief is not issued, and that the balance of the equities and public interest counsel in favor of granting the requested relief. This was the first nationwide injunction of EO-2. 241 F. Supp. 3d 1119.
Six days after winning the temporary restraining order, the plaintiffs filed a motion, along with accompanying declarations, to convert the temporary restraining order into a preliminary injunction. On March 29, the court heard oral arguments on the plaintiffs' motion to convert the TRO into a preliminary injunction. On the same day, the court granted the motion and enjoined Sections 2 and 6 of the EO across the nation. On March 30, the DOJ filed a notice of appeal. 245 F. Supp. 3d 1227.
The parties filed a joint motion to suspend district court proceedings pending resolution of the DOJ's appeal at the Ninth Circuit. The court granted this motion and the matter thus moved entirely to the Ninth Circuit. On April 7, the DOJ moved in the Ninth Circuit for a stay of the district court's injunction pending the Ninth Circuit appeal.
On June 1, the Ninth Circuit issued its opinion upholding the district court's preliminary injunction in major part. In an 86-page per curiam opinion by Judges Michael Daly Hawkins, Ronald M. Gould, and Richard A. Paez, the Court of Appeals addressed only the issues of justiciability and the statutory claims, finding the matter justiciable and holding that the Immigration and Nationality Act forbids nationality discrimination in visa-issuance (and therefore in categorical rules governing entry) and also forbids summary changes to the number of refugees admissible in a given year. The Court of Appeals narrowed the preliminary injunction to remove its direct applicability to President Trump (while affirming its coverage of the governmental actors who would carry out EO-2) and to allow the interagency consultation required by EO-2 to proceed unimpeded.
On June 26, the Supreme Court agreed to hear this case and consolidated it with IRAP v. Trump, an analogous case from the District of Maryland. In addition to the issues identified in the petitions, the High Court directed the parties to address the following question: "Whether the challenges to §2(c) [the part of the EO that suspended entry to nationals from Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen for ninety days] became moot on June 14, 2017." The Supreme Court declined to stay most of the preliminary injunction, but did reverse that injunction's application to "foreign nationals who lack any bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States." The Court noted that foreign nationals who do not have a close family tie or a formal, documented relationship with an entity (such as a school or employer) may have §2(c) enforced against them.
The Supreme Court set an October 2017 hearing for the consolidated cases, but in the meantime it remained for the district court to adjudicate disputes over what remained of the preliminary injunction. From late June through July, the remaining issues in the case made their way through the district court and eventually back to the Ninth Circuit. On Sept 7, the Ninth Circuit issued a per curium opinion affirming, in its entirety, the district court's July 13 modification of its preliminary injunction, which prohibited the federal government from applying EO-2 to grandparents, grandchildren, brothers-in-law, sisters-in-law, aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews, and cousins of persons in the US.
On September 11, the federal government moved to stay the Ninth Circuit's order, arguing that the Ninth Circuit's decision rendered the Supreme Court's June 26 stay "functionally inoperative" in that it would "disrupt the status quo and frustrate orderly implementation of the [Executive Order's] refugee provisions that [SCOTUS] made clear months ago could take effect." That same day, the Supreme Court issued the following order: "It is ordered that the mandate of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, case No. 17-16426, is hereby stayed with respect to refugees covered by a formal assurance, pending receipt of a response, due on or before Tuesday, September 12, 2017, by 12p.m., and further order of the undersigned or of the Court."
The Supreme Court was set to hear this case on the merits on October 10. However, the travel ban imposed by EO-2 expired on September 24. That same day, the Trump Administration signed a new proclamation (EO-3) indefinitely restricting travel from the following eight countries: Chad, Iran, Libya, North Korea, Somalia, Syria, Venezuela and Yemen. The Supreme Court cancelled the October 10 hearing, issuing the following order: "We granted certiorari in this case to resolve a challenge to the temporary suspension of entry of aliens abroad under Section 2(c) of Executive Order No. 13,780. Because that provision of the Order expired by its own terms on September 24, 2017, the appeal no longer presents a live case or controversy. Following our established practice in such cases, the judgment is therefore vacated, and the case is remanded to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit with instructions to dismiss as moot the challenge to Executive Order. No. 13,780. We express no view on the merits. Justice Sotomayor dissents from the order vacating the judgment below and would dismiss the writ of certiorari as improvidently granted."
Hawaii filed its third amended complaint and moved for a temporary restraining order. The Third Amended Complaint argued that EO-3, continued to target Muslim-majority countries and would continue to harm Hawaii’s economy and hinder the state’s efforts to assist refugees. Hawaii further moved for a TRO, to which the federal government responded with a motion to oppose on October 14. On October 17, District Judge Derrick K. Watson granted Hawaii's TRO motion and fully enjoined the federal government from enforcing or implementing Sections 2(a), (b), (c), (e), (g), and (h) of EO-3 across the nation. Judge Watson held that EO-3's aspirational policy goals of combatting terrorism and fostering cooperativeness in other countries are not tantamount to a finding by the President that the entry of any aliens into the US would be detrimental to US interests, as required by the INA: "[M]any of EO-3's structural provisions are unsupported by verifiable evidence, undermining any claim that its findings 'support the conclusion' to categorically ban the entry of millions." 265 F. Supp. 3d 1140.
On October 24, the DOJ appealed the district court's preliminary injunction to the Ninth Circuit (Docket # 17-17168) and requested that the Ninth Circuit stay the district court's PI pending final disposition of the appeal on the merits. The Ninth Circuit granted in part and denied in part the government's motion for an emergency stay of the district court's preliminary injunction pending hearing on November 13. The court of appeals stayed the injunction in its entirety except as to foreign nationals who have a credible claim of a bona fide relationship with a person or an entity in the United States. Citing the earlier Ninth Circuit decision, 871 F.3d 646, the court noted that persons with a "bona fide relationship" include grandparents, grandchildren, brothers-in-law, sisters-in-law, aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews, and cousins. Regarding relationships with U.S. entities, the court noted that such relationships must be "formal, documented, and formed in the ordinary course, rather than for the purpose of evading [EO-3]." 2017 WL 5343014.
On November 21, the DOJ asked the Supreme Court to stay the injunction. The Supreme Court did so on December 4, issuing the following order: "The application for a stay presented to Justice Kennedy and by him referred to the Court is granted, and the District Court's October 20, 2017 order granting a preliminary injunction is stayed pending disposition of the Government's appeal in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and disposition of the Government's petition for a writ of certiorari, if such a writ is sought. If a writ of certiorari is sought and the Court denies the petition, this order shall terminate automatically. If the Court grants the petition for a writ of certiorari, this order shall terminate when the Court enters its judgment. In light of its decision to consider the case on an expedited basis, we expect that the Court of Appeals will render its decision with appropriate dispatch. Justice Ginsburg and Justice Sotomayor would deny the application."
On December 6, the parties held oral argument before the Ninth Circuit on the DOJ's emergency stay motion. On December 22, the Ninth Circuit issued a per curium opinion affirming the district court's order enjoining EO-3's sections 2(a), (b), (c), (e), (g), and (h), but limiting the scope of the preliminary injunction to foreign nationals who have a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States.
2018 Developments --
On January 5, 2018, the DOJ filed for cert. in the Supreme Court, No. 17-965. The Supreme Court granted cert on January 19. The Supreme Court heard oral arguments on April 25 and a full recording of the arguments can be found here.
On June 26, the Supreme Court reversed the Ninth Circuit judgment, rejecting plaintiffs' constitutional challenges to EO-3. Writing for the majority, Chief Justice Roberts endorsed a broad view of presidential power, holding that under the INA the President has "broad discretion to suspend the entry of aliens into the United States” and that here the President "lawfully exercised that discretion.” The majority dismissed the plaintiffs’ claims that the President must explain his findings, calling the argument “questionable” and writing that “the 12-page Proclamation—which thoroughly describes the process, agency evaluations, and recommendations underlying the President’s chosen restrictions—is more detailed than any prior order a President has issued under §1182(f).” As for plaintiff’s Establishment Clause argument, the Court first noted that EO-3's facially neutral policy towards religion forced the Court to take the extra step of probing "the sincerity of the stated justifications for the policy by reference to extrinsic statements—many of which were made before the President took the oath of office.” Applying a rational basis test, the Court found that “the Proclamation is expressly premised on legitimate purposes: preventing entry of nationals who cannot be adequately vetted and inducing other nations to improve their practices. The text says nothing about religion.” Notably, the Court did however use the opinion to officially repudiate Korematsu writing that the decision was "was gravely wrong the day it was decided.”
In her powerful dissent, Justice Sotomayor opened by writing: "The United States of America is a Nation built upon the promise of religious liberty. Our Founders honored that core promise by embedding the principle of religious neutrality in the First Amendment. The Court’s decision today fails to safeguard that fundamental principle. It leaves undisturbed a policy first advertised openly and unequivocally as a “total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States” because the policy now masquerades behind a façade of national-security concerns. But this repackaging does little to cleanse Presidential Proclamation No. 9645 of the appearance of discrimination that the President’s words have created. Based on the evidence in the record, a reasonable observer would conclude that the Proclamation was motivated by anti-Muslim animus. That alone suffices to show that plaintiffs are likely to succeed on the merits of their Establishment Clause claim. The majority holds otherwise by ignoring the facts, misconstruing our legal precedent, and turning a blind eye to the pain and suffering the Proclamation inflicts upon countless families and individuals, many of whom are United States citizens.” 137 S.Ct. 2080.
On August 10, 2018, the Ninth Circuit remanded the case to the district court for further proceedings in light of the Supreme Court decision. The plaintiffs gave notice of voluntary dismissal in the district court three days later. On October 2, 2018, the district court issued a formal order that the case was dismissed without prejudice.
This case is closed.
Summary Authors
Jamie Kessler (6/26/2017)
Julie Aust (1/12/2018)
Virginia Weeks (10/24/2018)
Veronica Portillo Heap (3/22/2019)
Washington & Minnesota v. Trump, Western District of Washington (2017)
Arab American Civil Rights League (ACRL) v. Trump, Eastern District of Michigan (2017)
International Refugee Assistance Project (“IRAP”) v. Trump, District of Maryland (2017)
For PACER's information on parties and their attrorneys, see: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4580528/parties/state-of-hawaii-v-trump/
Chang, Kevin S.C. (Hawaii)
Gould, Ronald Murray (Washington)
Hawkins, Michael Daly (Arizona)
Mansfield, Kenneth J. (Hawaii)
Paez, Richard A. (California)
Seabright, John Michael (Hawaii)
Thomas, Sidney Runyan (Montana)
Watson, Derrick Kahala (Hawaii)
Bowerman, Alexander B. (Pennsylvania)
Casey, Meghan Kathleen (Maryland)
Chang, Kevin S.C. (Hawaii)
Gould, Ronald Murray (Washington)
Hawkins, Michael Daly (Arizona)
Mansfield, Kenneth J. (Hawaii)
Paez, Richard A. (California)
Seabright, John Michael (Hawaii)
Thomas, Sidney Runyan (Montana)
Watson, Derrick Kahala (Hawaii)
Bowerman, Alexander B. (Pennsylvania)
Casey, Meghan Kathleen (Maryland)
Chien, Marsha (Washington)
Chin, Douglas S.G. (Hawaii)
Dewar, Elizabeth N. (Massachusetts)
Egeler, Anne Elizabeth (Washington)
Fernandes, Kaliko'onalani D. (Hawaii)
Fuchs, Yuri (District of Columbia)
Gordon, Alexandra Robert (California)
Guidry, Kimberly T. (Hawaii)
Hagerty, Elizabeth (District of Columbia)
Iyer, Sundeep (District of Columbia)
Kalama, Donna H. (Hawaii)
Katyal, Neal Kumar (District of Columbia)
Marie-Iha, Deirdre (Hawaii)
Marquez, Patricio (Washington)
Melody, Colleen (Washington)
Nakatsuji, Robert T (Hawaii)
Pachter, Tamar (California)
Paradis, Kelly A. (Washington)
Purcell, Noah Guzzo (Washington)
Reich, Mitchell P. (District of Columbia)
Richardson, Kevin M. (Hawaii)
Schmidt, Thomas P. (New York)
Schneiderman, Eric T. (New York)
Sierra, Angela (California)
Sinzdak, Colleen Roh (District of Columbia)
Solow, Sara (Pennsylvania)
Sullivan, Steven M. (Maryland)
Swanson, Reedy C. (District of Columbia)
Wadsworth, Clyde James (Hawaii)
Ware, Anton (California)
Woods, Douglas J. (California)
Bennett, Michelle Renee (District of Columbia)
Bond, Jonathan C. (District of Columbia)
Byron, H. Thomas III (New York)
Ching, Edric Ming-Kai (Hawaii)
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Flentje, August E. (District of Columbia)
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Letter, Douglas (District of Columbia)
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Nakakuni, Florence T. (Hawaii)
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See docket on RECAP: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4580528/state-of-hawaii-v-trump/
Last updated April 2, 2023, 3:02 a.m.
State / Territory: Hawaii
Case Type(s):
Special Collection(s):
Key Dates
Filing Date: Feb. 3, 2017
Closing Date: Oct. 2, 2018
Case Ongoing: No
Plaintiffs
Plaintiff Description:
State of Hawaii, Ismail Elshikh, John Doe 1, John Doe 2, The Muslim Association of Hawaii
Plaintiff Type(s):
Attorney Organizations:
National Immigration Law Center
Northwest Immigrant Rights Project (NWIRP)
American Immigration Council's Legal Action Center
Public Interest Lawyer: Yes
Filed Pro Se: No
Class Action Sought: No
Class Action Outcome: Not sought
Defendants
Case Details
Causes of Action:
Ex Parte Young (Federal) or Bivens
Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 551 et seq.
Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101 et seq.
Ex parte Young (federal or state officials)
Constitutional Clause(s):
Available Documents:
Injunctive (or Injunctive-like) Relief
Outcome
Prevailing Party: Mixed
Nature of Relief:
Preliminary injunction / Temp. restraining order
Source of Relief:
Content of Injunction:
Issues
General:
Discrimination-basis:
National origin discrimination
Immigration/Border:
National Origin/Ethnicity: