Case: Parson v. Alcorn

3:16-cv-00013 | U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia

Filed Date: Jan. 6, 2016

Closed Date: Jan. 20, 2016

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Case Summary

This is a case alleging that a Virginia requirement that Republican candidates sign an oath regarding their party affiliation amounted to violation of the Voting Rights Act.  On January 6, 2016, three African-American Virginia  voters sued the Virginia State Board of Elections and certain officers, alleging that the requirement that voters in the Republican primary sign an oath regarding their Republican Party affiliation violated the Voting Rights Act and their First and Fourteenth Amendment r…

This is a case alleging that a Virginia requirement that Republican candidates sign an oath regarding their party affiliation amounted to violation of the Voting Rights Act. 

On January 6, 2016, three African-American Virginia  voters sued the Virginia State Board of Elections and certain officers, alleging that the requirement that voters in the Republican primary sign an oath regarding their Republican Party affiliation violated the Voting Rights Act and their First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. The plaintiffs sought a preliminary injunction prohibiting the election officers from enforcing the oath requirement. 

On January 11, 2016, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss. 

On January 14, 2016, the court  denied plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction, explaining that the failure of the plaintiffs’ to show any one of the relevant factors required for injunctive relief, which include (1) likelihood of success on the merits, (2) likelihood of irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary injunctive relief, (3) the balance of equities between the parties tips in favor of the party seeking relief and (4), the public interest, required denial of the injunction.

On January 14, 2016, the plaintiffs filed an emergency motion for injunction pending appeal and appealed the denial of the motion for preliminary injunction to the Court of Appeals, 4th Circuit. 

On January 15, 2016, the court issued its opinion, reiterating that the circumstances of the case did not allow for a remedy as extraordinary as a preliminary injunction because the plaintiffs provided no evidentiary support for their claims that would show a likelihood of success on the merits. With respect to the alleged constitutional violations of the plaintiffs’ rights to vote and associate, plaintiffs alleged three burdens: (1) the public nature of the statement and the unpopularity of declaring oneself a Republican will cause them to experience backlash in their communities; (2) long lines will deter those in the minority community; and, (3) the Republican statement/oath will confuse voters. The court found no evidence of backlash, no other person who had specifically experienced threats for associating with the Republican party, no evidence of long lines, and some evidence of confusion, but that was evidence was limited. With respect to the Voting Rights Act, the court found that based on the record, the statute does not impose any excessively burdensome requirements on any class of voters. Therefore, the court denied plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction in accordance with the court’s prior order.

The case is now closed. 

Summary Authors

Alicia Tschirhart (9/26/2024)

People

For PACER's information on parties and their attorneys, see: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4407215/parties/parson-v-alcorn/


Judge(s)

Lauck, Mary Hannah (Virginia)

Attorney for Plaintiff

Smith, Chester Leonard (Virginia)

Attorney for Defendant

Birkenheier, Anna Tillie (Virginia)

Marston, Christopher Michael (Virginia)

Pitchford, Jonathan Duncan (Virginia)

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Documents in the Clearinghouse

Document
1

3:16-cv-00013

Verified Complaint

Jan. 6, 2016

Jan. 6, 2016

Complaint
2

3:16-cv-00013

Plaintiffs' Ex Parte Motion for Preliminary Injunction and Temporary Restraining Order

Jan. 6, 2016

Jan. 6, 2016

Pleading / Motion / Brief
4

3:16-cv-00013

Brief in Support of Plaintiffs' Ex Parte Motion for a Temporary RO and Preliminary Injunction

Jan. 6, 2016

Jan. 6, 2016

Pleading / Motion / Brief
6

3:16-cv-00013

Order

Jan. 8, 2016

Jan. 8, 2016

Order/Opinion
11

3:16-cv-00013

Memorandum Order

Jan. 11, 2016

Jan. 11, 2016

Order/Opinion
20

3:16-cv-00013

Plaintiffs' Brief in Opposition to Defendants' Motion to Dismiss

Jan. 12, 2016

Jan. 12, 2016

Pleading / Motion / Brief
22

3:16-cv-00013

Defendants' Supplemental Brief

Jan. 13, 2016

Jan. 13, 2016

Pleading / Motion / Brief
25

3:16-cv-00013

Plaintiffs' Supplemental Brief

Jan. 13, 2016

Jan. 13, 2016

Pleading / Motion / Brief
27

3:16-cv-00013

Order

Jan. 14, 2016

Jan. 14, 2016

Order/Opinion
30

3:16-cv-00013

Response to Plantiffs' Motion for Emergency Injunction Pending Appeal

Jan. 14, 2016

Jan. 14, 2016

Pleading / Motion / Brief

Docket

See docket on RECAP: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4407215/parson-v-alcorn/

Last updated Aug. 8, 2025, 7:12 a.m.

ECF Number Description Date Link Date / Link
1

VERIFIED COMPLAINT filed by Stephen A. Parson, Sr., Leon Benjamin and Bruce L. Waller, Sr. against James B. Alcorn, Singleton B. McAllister and Clara Belle Wheeler. (Filing Fee Paid: $400.00, Receipt Number: 44683006935). (Attachments: # 1 Civil Cover Sheet and # 2 Receipt). (walk, ). PLEASE NOTE: Attachment 1 REPLACED on 01/14/2016; document now includes counsel's signature. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/07/2016)

1 Civil Cover Sheet

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2 Receipt

View on PACER

Jan. 6, 2016

Jan. 6, 2016

Clearinghouse
2

Motion by Stephen A. Parson, Sr., Leon Benjamin and Bruce L. Waller, Sr. for Temporary Restraining Order. (walk, ). Modified docket entry on 01/08/2016 and regenerated NEF re: 6 Order. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/07/2016)

Jan. 6, 2016

Jan. 6, 2016

Clearinghouse
3

Motion by Stephen A. Parson, Sr., Leon Benjamin and Bruce L. Waller, Sr. for Preliminary Injunction. (walk, ). Modified docket entry on 01/08/2016 and regenerated NEF re: 6 Order. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/07/2016)

Jan. 6, 2016

Jan. 6, 2016

Clearinghouse
4

Memorandum by Stephen A. Parson, Sr., Leon Benjamin and Bruce L. Waller, Sr. in Support of 2 Motion for Temporary Restraining Order and 3 Motion for Preliminary Injunction. (walk, ). Modified docket entry on 01/08/2016 and regenerated NEF re: 6 Order. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/07/2016)

Jan. 6, 2016

Jan. 6, 2016

Clearinghouse
5

Summonses Issued as to James B. Alcorn, Singleton B. McAllister and Clara Belle Wheeler; to be picked up by Courier One Logistics. (walk, ) (Entered: 01/08/2016)

Jan. 8, 2016

Jan. 8, 2016

PACER
6

ORDER that the time sensitive nature of the relief sought and the importance of the issue before the Court suggest that the Court seek to minimize ex parte proceedings if possible. Thus, the Court will allow both Plaintiffs and Defendants to present briefing or evidence, should they decide to do so, by ORDERING the following: 1. The Clerk's Office shall UNSEAL and make public the Injunctive Motions and the memorandum in support of the Injunctive Motions (ECF Nos. 2, 3, 4 ); 2. Not later than 12:00 p.m. (noon) on Monday, 01/11/2016, Defendants shall FILE their memoranda in response to the Injunctive Motions; 3. Not later than 12:00 p.m. (noon) on Tuesday, 01/12/2016, Plaintiffs shall FILE their reply memorandum in support of the Injunctive Motions; and, 4. On Wednesday, 01/13/2016, the Court shall HOLD a hearing on the Injunctive Motions. The hearing shall take place in Courtroom 6100, Spottswood W. Robinson, III and Robert R. Merhige, Jr. United States Courthouse, 701 East Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia, at 11 :00 a.m. (please see Order for additional information). It is so ORDERED. Signed by District Judge M. Hannah Lauck on 01/08/2016. (walk, ) (Entered: 01/08/2016)

Jan. 8, 2016

Jan. 8, 2016

Clearinghouse
7

MOTION for Joinder of Republican Party of Virginia by James B. Alcorn, Singleton B. McAllister, Clara Belle Wheeler. (Attachments: # 1 Proposed Order)(Pitchford, Jonathan) (Entered: 01/08/2016)

Jan. 8, 2016

Jan. 8, 2016

PACER
8

Memorandum in Support re 7 MOTION for Joinder of Republican Party of Virginia filed by James B. Alcorn, Singleton B. McAllister, Clara Belle Wheeler. (Pitchford, Jonathan) (Entered: 01/08/2016)

Jan. 8, 2016

Jan. 8, 2016

PACER
9

NOTICE of Appearance by Jonathan Duncan Pitchford on behalf of James B. Alcorn, Singleton B. McAllister, Clara Belle Wheeler (Pitchford, Jonathan) (Entered: 01/08/2016)

Jan. 8, 2016

Jan. 8, 2016

PACER
10

NOTICE of Appearance by Anna Tillie Birkenheier on behalf of James B. Alcorn, Singleton B. McAllister, Clara Belle Wheeler (Birkenheier, Anna) (Entered: 01/08/2016)

Jan. 8, 2016

Jan. 8, 2016

PACER
11

MEMORANDUM ORDER that the Clerk ADD the RPV as a Defendant. The Court ORDERS Defendants Alcorn, Wheeler, and McAllister, as the parties seeking joinder, to provide the RPV with all public documents filed in this case. The Court ALLOWS the RPV to file a response to the Injunctive Motions not later than 12:00 p.m. (noon) on Tuesday, 01/12/2016 and to appear at the hearing set on the matter for Wednesday, 01/13/2016 at 11:00 a.m. The Motion to Join inadvertently raises a related issue: whether the SBE as an entity constitutes a necessary party under Rule 19(a). As in the Court's analysis of the RPV's necessary joinder, the Court questions whether complete relief can be afforded through Defendants Alcorn, Wheeler, and McAllister in their official capacities or by these defendants and the SBE as an entity. Accordingly, in the interest of "the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination" of this action, Fed. R. Civ. P. 1, the Court ORDERS all parties to file position papers regarding whether the SBE would constitute a necessary party under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 19(a) not later than 12:00 p.m. (noon) on Tuesday, 01/12/2016 (please see Memorandum Order for additional information). It is so ORDERED. Signed by District Judge M. Hannah Lauck on 01/11/2016. (walk, ). PLEASE NOTE: Main Document 11 REPLACED on 01/11/2016 (re: hearing date and time correction) and NEF regenerated to counsel of record. (walk, ). Corrected docket entry and regenerated NEF to counsel of record on 01/11/2016. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/11/2016)

Jan. 11, 2016

Jan. 11, 2016

Clearinghouse
12

MOTION to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim and for Lack of Jurisdiction by James B. Alcorn, Singleton B. McAllister, Clara Belle Wheeler. (Attachments: # 1 Proposed Order Granting Motion to Dismiss). (Pitchford, Jonathan). Modified docket entry on 01/11/2016. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/11/2016)

Jan. 11, 2016

Jan. 11, 2016

PACER
13

Memorandum in Support re: 12 MOTION to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim and for Lack of Jurisdiction filed by James B. Alcorn, Singleton B. McAllister, Clara Belle Wheeler. (Pitchford, Jonathan). Modified docket entry on 01/11/2016. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/11/2016)

Jan. 11, 2016

Jan. 11, 2016

PACER
14

Memorandum in Opposition re: 2 MOTION for Temporary Restraining Order and 3 MOTION for Preliminary Injunction filed by James B. Alcorn, Singleton B. McAllister, Clara Belle Wheeler. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit Exhibit A (Board Documents), # 2 Exhibit Exhibit B (Board Minutes), # 3 Exhibit Exhibit C (Cortes Declaration), # 4 Exhibit Exhibit D (Smith Letter), # 5 Exhibit Exhibit E (News Article)). (Birkenheier, Anna). Modified docket entry on 01/11/2016. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/11/2016)

Jan. 11, 2016

Jan. 11, 2016

PACER
15

Memorandum Regarding Joinder re: 11 Order filed by James B. Alcorn, Singleton B. McAllister, Clara Belle Wheeler. (Pitchford, Jonathan). Modified docket entry on 01/11/2016. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/11/2016)

Jan. 11, 2016

Jan. 11, 2016

PACER
16

Reply in Support re: 2 MOTION for Temporary Restraining Order and 3 MOTION for Preliminary Injunction filed by Leon Benjamin, Stephen A. Parson, Sr., Bruce L. Waller, Sr. (Smith, Chester). Modified docket entry on 01/12/2016. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/12/2016)

Jan. 12, 2016

Jan. 12, 2016

PACER
17

Brief Regarding Whether The State Board of Elections is a Necessary Party filed by Leon Benjamin, Stephen A. Parson, Sr., Bruce L. Waller, Sr. (Smith, Chester). Modified docket entry on 01/12/2016. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/12/2016)

Jan. 12, 2016

Jan. 12, 2016

PACER
18

NOTICE of Appearance by Christopher Michael Marston on behalf of Republican Party of Virginia, Inc. (Marston, Christopher) (Entered: 01/12/2016)

Jan. 12, 2016

Jan. 12, 2016

PACER
19

NOTICE of Appearance by Jack Robert Wilson, III on behalf of Republican Party of Virginia, Inc. (Wilson, Jack) (Entered: 01/12/2016)

Jan. 12, 2016

Jan. 12, 2016

PACER
20

Brief in Opposition re: 12 MOTION to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim and for Lack of Jurisdiction filed by Leon Benjamin, Stephen A. Parson, Sr, Bruce L. Waller, Sr. (Attachments: # 1 Proposed Order Plaintiffs' Proposed Order on Motion to Dismiss). (Smith, Chester). Modified docket entry on 01/13/2016. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/12/2016)

1 Proposed Order Plaintiffs' Proposed Order on Motion to Dismiss

View on PACER

Jan. 12, 2016

Jan. 12, 2016

Clearinghouse
21

Minute Entry for proceedings held before District Judge M. Hannah Lauck: Appearances: Pltfs. with counsel, defts. by counsel. Motion Hearing held on 1/13/2016. Evidence adduced. Arguments heard. Motion for temporary restraining order, moot. Motion to dismiss, denied as to standing. Parties may submit supplemental positions. Court to issue written findings. (Court Reporter Diane Daffron, OCR.)(lcha) (Entered: 01/13/2016)

Jan. 13, 2016

Jan. 13, 2016

PACER
22

Supplemental Brief in Opposition to 3 Motion for Injunctive Relief re: 21 Hearing filed by James B. Alcorn, Singleton B. McAllister, Clara Belle Wheeler. (Pitchford, Jonathan). Modified docket entry on 01/14/2016. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/13/2016)

Jan. 13, 2016

Jan. 13, 2016

Clearinghouse
23

Supplemental Brief re: After 21 Hearing filed by Leon Benjamin, Stephen A. Parson, Sr, Bruce L. Waller, Sr. (Smith, Chester). Modified docket entry on 01/14/2016. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/13/2016)

Jan. 13, 2016

Jan. 13, 2016

PACER
24

Corrected Supplemental Brief re: After 21 Hearing filed by Leon Benjamin, Stephen A. Parson, Sr, Bruce L. Waller, Sr. (Attachments: # 1 Certificate of Service for Plaintiff's Corrected Supplemental Brief After 21 Hearing). (Smith, Chester). Modified docket entry on 01/14/2016. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/13/2016)

Jan. 13, 2016

Jan. 13, 2016

PACER
25

Brief in Support re: Plaintiff's 24 Corrected Supplemental Brief After 21 Hearing filed by Leon Benjamin, Stephen A. Parson, Sr, Bruce L. Waller, Sr. (Attachments: # 1 Certificate of Service for Plaintiff's Corrected Supplemental Brief After 21 Hearing). (Smith, Chester). Modified docket entry on 01/14/2016. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/13/2016)

1 Certificate of Service for Plaintiff's Corrected Supplemental Brief After

View on PACER

Jan. 13, 2016

Jan. 13, 2016

Clearinghouse
26

Certificate of Service re: 20 Brief in Opposition re: 12 MOTION to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim and for Lack of Jurisdiction filed by Leon Benjamin, Stephen A. Parson, Sr., Bruce L. Waller, Sr.. (Smith, Chester). Corrected docket entry on 01/14/2016. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/14/2016)

Jan. 14, 2016

Jan. 14, 2016

Clearinghouse
27

ORDER that for the reasons stated in the forthcoming Memorandum Opinion, this Court DENIES Plaintiffs' 3 Motion for a Preliminary Injunction (please see Order for additional information). A trial on the merits remains. The Court ORDERS the parties to contact the Court, jointly, to schedule further matters in this case no later than forty-eight (48) hours after the filing of the Memorandum Opinion. It is SO ORDERED. Signed by District Judge M. Hannah Lauck on 01/14/2016. (walk, ) PLEASE NOTE: Main Document 27 replaced on 01/14/2016 (includes corrected page 2) and NEF regenerated. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/14/2016)

Jan. 14, 2016

Jan. 14, 2016

Clearinghouse
28

Emergency Motion for Injunction Pending Appeal by Leon Benjamin, Stephen A. Parson, Sr, Bruce L. Waller, Sr. (Smith, Chester). Modified docket entry on 01/14/2016. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/14/2016)

Jan. 14, 2016

Jan. 14, 2016

PACER
29

Brief in Support re: 28 Emergency Motion for Injunction Pending Appeal filed by Leon Benjamin, Stephen A. Parson, Sr, Bruce L. Waller, Sr. (Smith, Chester). Modified docket entry on 01/14/2016. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/14/2016)

Jan. 14, 2016

Jan. 14, 2016

PACER
30

RESPONSE in Opposition re: 28 Emergency Motion for Injunction Pending Appeal filed by James B. Alcorn, Singleton B. McAllister, Clara Belle Wheeler. (Pitchford, Jonathan). Modified docket entry on 01/14/2016. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/14/2016)

Jan. 14, 2016

Jan. 14, 2016

Clearinghouse
31

NOTICE OF APPEAL by Leon Benjamin, Stephen A. Parson, Sr, Bruce L. Waller, Sr. Filing fee $ 505, receipt number 0422-4813160. (Smith, Chester) (Entered: 01/14/2016)

Jan. 14, 2016

Jan. 14, 2016

PACER
32

Transmission of Notice of Appeal to US Court of Appeals re 31 Notice of Appeal (All case opening forms, plus the transcript guidelines, may be obtained from the Fourth Circuit's website at www.ca4.uscourts.gov) (lbre, ) (Entered: 01/14/2016)

Jan. 14, 2016

Jan. 14, 2016

PACER
33

ORDER that for the reasons stated in the previous 27 January 14, 2016 Order and the forthcoming Memorandum Opinion, the Court DENIES Plaintiff's 28 Emergency Motion for an Injunction Pending Appeal pursuant to Federal Rule Civil Procedure 62(c). In any event, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit's denial of Plaintiffs' concurrent motion for injunction pending appeal likely renders this Emergency Motion moot (please see Order for additional information). It is SO ORDERED. Signed by District Judge M. Hannah Lauck on 01/14/2016. Copy transmitted electronically to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit Clerk's Office. (walk, ) (Entered: 01/14/2016)

Jan. 14, 2016

Jan. 14, 2016

PACER
34

ORDER of USCA as to 31 Notice of Appeal filed by Stephen A. Parson, Sr., Leon Benjamin, Bruce L. Waller, Sr. : Appellants emergency motion to a single judge for injunction pending appeal has been referred by the lead judge to the full panel for review. Upon consideration of the motion and the response in opposition, the court denies the motion for injunction pending appeal. (lbre, ) (Entered: 01/15/2016)

Jan. 14, 2016

Jan. 14, 2016

PACER
35

MEMORANDUM OPINION re: Plaintiffs Stephen A. Parson, Sr., Leon Benjamin, and Bruce L. Waller, Sr.'s 3 Motion for Preliminary Injunction. Signed by District Judge M. Hannah Lauck on 01/15/2016. (walk, )

Jan. 15, 2016

Jan. 15, 2016

Clearinghouse
36

Response to the Court's 27 Order filed by Leon Benjamin, Stephen A. Parson, Sr, Bruce L. Waller, Sr. (Smith, Chester). Modified docket entry on 01/21/2016. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/17/2016)

Jan. 17, 2016

Jan. 17, 2016

PACER
37

Response to the Court's 27 Order filed by James B. Alcorn, Singleton B. McAllister, Clara Belle Wheeler. (Birkenheier, Anna). Modified docket entry on 01/21/2016. (walk, ). (Entered: 01/20/2016)

Jan. 20, 2016

Jan. 20, 2016

PACER

Case Details

State / Territory: Virginia

Case Type(s):

Election/Voting Rights

Special Collection(s):

Law Firm Antiracism Alliance (LFAA) project

Key Dates

Filing Date: Jan. 6, 2016

Closing Date: Jan. 20, 2016

Case Ongoing: No

Plaintiffs

Plaintiff Description:

Plaintiffs are three African-American residents of Virginia who wished to vote in the 2016 Virginia Republican Presidential Primary, but were unwilling to sign a required loyalty oath (to the republican party).

Plaintiff Type(s):

Private Plaintiff

Public Interest Lawyer: No

Filed Pro Se: No

Class Action Sought: No

Class Action Outcome: Not sought

Defendants

Chairman of the Virginia State Board of Elections, State

Vice-Chair of the Virginia State Board of Elections, State

Secretary of the Virginia State Board of Elections, State

The Republican Party of Virginia, State

Defendant Type(s):

Jurisdiction-wide

Case Details

Causes of Action:

Voting Rights Act, unspecified, 52 U.S.C. § 10301 et seq (previously 42 U.S.C § 1973 et seq.)

Constitutional Clause(s):

Freedom of speech/association

Equal Protection

Available Documents:

Trial Court Docket

Complaint (any)

Injunctive (or Injunctive-like) Relief

Any published opinion

Outcome

Prevailing Party: Defendant

Nature of Relief:

None

Source of Relief:

None

Content of Injunction:

Preliminary relief denied

Order Duration: 2016 - 2016

Issues

Voting:

Election administration

Voter qualifications

Voter registration rules