Case: Rural Development Innovations Limited v. Marocco

1:25-cv-01631 | U.S. District Court for the District of District of Columbia

Filed Date: May 21, 2025

Case Ongoing

Clearinghouse coding complete

Case Summary

This case challenged the Trump Administration's attempt to dismantle the United States African Development Foundation (USADF). On May 21, 2025, two former employees of the United States African Development Foundation and a consulting firm that frequently partnered with USADF filed this lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia against the purported acting chair of USADF, several cabinet secretaries and agency heads, and President Donald Trump. They challenged the …

This case challenged the Trump Administration's attempt to dismantle the United States African Development Foundation (USADF). On May 21, 2025, two former employees of the United States African Development Foundation and a consulting firm that frequently partnered with USADF filed this lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia against the purported acting chair of USADF, several cabinet secretaries and agency heads, and President Donald Trump. They challenged the second Trump administration's attempts to dismantle the agency, including forcibly dissolving and replacing its Board of Directors, terminating all grants and contracts, and terminating nearly all employees. They alleged that the defendants' actions exceeded the executive authority and violated the Federal Vacancies Reform Act, the African Development Foundation Act, and the Administrative Procedure Act.

The case was assigned to District Judge Richard J. Leon due to its common nucleus of fact with another case, Brehm v. Marocco, that also challenged the alleged dismantling of USADF. On May 21, the plaintiffs filed a motion for a preliminary injunction. The judge ordered a hearing on the motion to be held on June 18. 

The court granted a preliminary injunction on July 1, 2025. The court first decided that the Tucker Act did not deprive the court of jurisdiction, since "RDI is not seeking to vindicate its contractual right to grant funds or remediate a breach of the cooperative agreement's terms." As to the merits, the court found that the "Constitution likely does not vest the President with the authority to appoint Marocco as an acting Board member at USADF." According to the court, the USADF Board members are principal officers who must be appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate. Here, however, President Trump did not follow that procedure. "While defendants argue that the President has inherent Article II power to appoint acting principal officers, there is little hope for defendants that this argument will win the day." Therefore, the court found the plaintiffs were likely to succeed in their challenge.  

As to the scope of the injunction, the court refused to enjoin (as the plaintiffs requested) the President in his official capacity. Instead, the court limited its injunction to the other defendants in the case. 

The case is ongoing.

Summary Authors

Scott Shuchart (5/23/2025)

Jeremiah Price (6/13/2025)

Related Cases

Brehm v. Marocco, District of District of Columbia (2025)

People

For PACER's information on parties and their attorneys, see: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/70330112/parties/rural-development-innovations-limited-v-marocco/


Attorney for Plaintiff

Girard, Bradley (District of Columbia)

McElvain, Joel L. (District of Columbia)

Perryman, Skye (District of Columbia)

Thurston, Robin F. (District of Columbia)

Attorney for Defendant

Bardo, John (District of Columbia)

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Documents in the Clearinghouse

Document
1

1:25-cv-01631

Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief

May 21, 2025

May 21, 2025

Complaint
26

1:25-cv-01631

Memorandum Opinion

July 1, 2025

July 1, 2025

Order/Opinion

2025 WL 1807818

Resources

Docket

See docket on RECAP: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/70330112/rural-development-innovations-limited-v-marocco/

Last updated Aug. 19, 2025, 1:04 p.m.

ECF Number Description Date Link Date / Link
1

COMPLAINT against SCOTT BESSENT, DOUGLAS J. BURGUM, STEPHEN EHIKIAN, AMY GLEASON, SERGIO GOR, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS DIRECTOR OF THE WHITE HOUSE PRESIDENTIAL PERSONNEL OFFICE, PETE MAROCCO, DONALD J. TRUMP, U.S. DOGE SERVICE, U.S. DOGE SERVICE TEMPORARY ORGANIZATION ( Filing fee $ 405 receipt number ADCDC-11705897) filed by PAUL OLSON, RURAL DEVELOPMENT INNOVATIONS LIMITED, SOLOMON CHI. (Attachments: # 1 Civil Cover Sheet, # 2 Related Case Form, # 3 Summons, # 4 Summons, # 5 Summons, # 6 Summons, # 7 Summons, # 8 Summons, # 9 Summons, # 10 Summons, # 11 Summons, # 12 Summons, # 13 Summons)(Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 05/21/2025)

1 Civil Cover Sheet

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2 Related Case Form

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3 Summons

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4 Summons

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5 Summons

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6 Summons

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7 Summons

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8 Summons

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9 Summons

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10 Summons

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11 Summons

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12 Summons

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13 Summons

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May 21, 2025

May 21, 2025

Clearinghouse
2

NOTICE of Appearance by Bradley Girard on behalf of SOLOMON CHI, PAUL OLSON, RURAL DEVELOPMENT INNOVATIONS LIMITED (Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 05/21/2025)

May 21, 2025

May 21, 2025

PACER
3

NOTICE of Appearance by Joel L. McElvain on behalf of SOLOMON CHI, PAUL OLSON, RURAL DEVELOPMENT INNOVATIONS LIMITED (McElvain, Joel) (Entered: 05/21/2025)

May 21, 2025

May 21, 2025

PACER
4

NOTICE of Appearance by Robin F. Thurston on behalf of SOLOMON CHI, PAUL OLSON, RURAL DEVELOPMENT INNOVATIONS LIMITED (Thurston, Robin) (Entered: 05/21/2025)

May 21, 2025

May 21, 2025

PACER
5

NOTICE of Appearance by Skye Perryman on behalf of SOLOMON CHI, PAUL OLSON, RURAL DEVELOPMENT INNOVATIONS LIMITED (Perryman, Skye) (Entered: 05/21/2025)

May 21, 2025

May 21, 2025

PACER
6

NOTICE of Appearance by John Bardo on behalf of SCOTT BESSENT, DOUGLAS J. BURGUM, STEPHEN EHIKIAN, AMY GLEASON, SERGIO GOR, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS DIRECTOR OF THE WHITE HOUSE PRESIDENTIAL PERSONNEL OFFICE, PETE MAROCCO, DONALD J. TRUMP, U.S. DOGE SERVICE, U.S. DOGE SERVICE TEMPORARY ORGANIZATION (Bardo, John) (Entered: 05/21/2025)

May 21, 2025

May 21, 2025

PACER
7

MOTION for Preliminary Injunction by SOLOMON CHI, PAUL OLSON, RURAL DEVELOPMENT INNOVATIONS LIMITED. (Attachments: # 1 Memorandum in Support, # 2 Exhibit A. Makasa Decl., # 3 Exhibit B. Grant Termination, # 4 Exhibit C. Olson Decl., # 5 Exhibit D. Chi Decl., # 6 Exhibit E. Feleke Decl., # 7 Exhibit F. Meeting Minutes, # 8 Text of Proposed Order)(Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 05/21/2025)

May 21, 2025

May 21, 2025

PACER
8

NOTICE OF RELATED CASE by All Plaintiffs. Case related to Case No. 25cv660 RJL. (znmw) (Entered: 05/22/2025)

May 21, 2025

May 21, 2025

RECAP

Case Assigned/Reassigned

May 22, 2025

May 22, 2025

PACER

Notice of Error- New Case

May 22, 2025

May 22, 2025

PACER

NOTICE OF NEW CASE ERROR regarding 1 Complaint,,. The following error(s) need correction: Noncompliance with LCvR 5.1(c). Please file a Sealed Document to include the name & full residence address of each plaintiff. COMPLIANCE DEADLINE is by close of business today. This case will not proceed any further until all errors are satisfied. (znmw)

May 22, 2025

May 22, 2025

PACER

Case Assigned to Judge Richard J. Leon. (znmw)

May 22, 2025

May 22, 2025

PACER
9

SUMMONS (11) Issued Electronically as to All Defendants, U.S. Attorney and U.S. Attorney General (Attachments: # 1 Notice and Consent)(znmw) (Entered: 05/22/2025)

May 22, 2025

May 22, 2025

PACER
10

SEALED DOCUMENT filed by SOLOMON CHI, PAUL OLSON(This document is SEALED and only available to authorized persons.)(Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 05/22/2025)

May 22, 2025

May 22, 2025

PACER
11

Consent MOTION for Scheduling Order by SCOTT BESSENT, DOUGLAS J. BURGUM, STEPHEN EHIKIAN, AMY GLEASON, SERGIO GOR, PETE MAROCCO, DONALD J. TRUMP, U.S. DOGE SERVICE, U.S. DOGE SERVICE TEMPORARY ORGANIZATION. (Attachments: # 1 Text of Proposed Order)(Bardo, John) (Entered: 05/23/2025)

1 Text of Proposed Order

View on RECAP

May 23, 2025

May 23, 2025

RECAP

Order on Motion for Scheduling Order AND Set/Reset Deadlines

May 29, 2025

May 29, 2025

PACER

MINUTE ORDER. Upon consideration of defendants' 11 Consent Motion for a Preliminary Injunction Briefing Schedule, it is hereby ORDERED that the the following schedule is adopted by the Court: Defendants' opposition due June 2, 2025. // Plaintiff's reply due June 9, 2025. SO ORDERED. Signed by Judge Richard J. Leon on 5/29/2025. (lcrjl2)

May 29, 2025

May 29, 2025

PACER
12

Memorandum in opposition to re 7 MOTION for Preliminary Injunction filed by SCOTT BESSENT, DOUGLAS J. BURGUM, STEPHEN EHIKIAN, AMY GLEASON, SERGIO GOR, PETE MAROCCO, DONALD J. TRUMP, U.S. DOGE SERVICE, U.S. DOGE SERVICE TEMPORARY ORGANIZATION. (Attachments: # 1 Text of Proposed Order)(Bardo, John) (Entered: 06/02/2025)

June 2, 2025

June 2, 2025

PACER

MINUTE ORDER. It is hereby ORDERED a hearing on plaintiffs' 7 Motion for Preliminary Injunction is set for June 18, 2025 at 4:00 PM in Courtroom 18 (In Person) before Judge Richard J. Leon. SO ORDERED. Signed by Judge Richard J. Leon on 6/9/2025. (lcrjl2)

June 9, 2025

June 9, 2025

PACER

MINUTE ORDER. It is hereby ORDERED a hearing on plaintiffs' 7 Motion for Preliminary Injunction is set for June 18, 2025 at 4:00 PM in Courtroom 18 (In Person) before Judge Richard J. Leon. SO ORDERED. Signed by Judge Richard J. Leon on 6/9/2025. (lcrjl2)

June 9, 2025

June 9, 2025

PACER

.Order AND ~Util - Set/Reset Deadlines/Hearings

June 9, 2025

June 9, 2025

PACER

.Order AND ~Util - Set/Reset Deadlines/Hearings

June 9, 2025

June 9, 2025

PACER
13

REPLY to opposition to motion re 7 Motion for Preliminary Injunction, filed by SOLOMON CHI, PAUL OLSON, RURAL DEVELOPMENT INNOVATIONS LIMITED. (Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 06/09/2025)

June 9, 2025

June 9, 2025

RECAP
13

REPLY to opposition to motion re 7 Motion for Preliminary Injunction, filed by SOLOMON CHI, PAUL OLSON, RURAL DEVELOPMENT INNOVATIONS LIMITED. (Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 06/09/2025)

June 9, 2025

June 9, 2025

RECAP
14

RETURN OF SERVICE/AFFIDAVIT of Summons and Complaint Executed. PETE MAROCCO served on 6/2/2025 (Girard, Bradley) Modified docket text on 6/18/2025 (mg). (Entered: 06/13/2025)

June 13, 2025

June 13, 2025

PACER
15

RETURN OF SERVICE/AFFIDAVIT of Summons and Complaint Executed. SCOTT BESSENT served on 6/3/2025 (Girard, Bradley) Modified docket text on 6/18/2025 (mg). (Entered: 06/13/2025)

June 13, 2025

June 13, 2025

PACER
16

RETURN OF SERVICE/AFFIDAVIT of Summons and Complaint Executed. DOUGLAS J. BURGUM served on 6/2/2025 (Girard, Bradley) Modified docket text on 6/18/2025 (mg). (Entered: 06/13/2025)

June 13, 2025

June 13, 2025

PACER
17

RETURN OF SERVICE/AFFIDAVIT of Summons and Complaint Executed. STEPHEN EHIKIAN served on 6/2/2025 (Girard, Bradley) Modified docket text on 6/18/2025 (mg). (Entered: 06/13/2025)

June 13, 2025

June 13, 2025

PACER
18

RETURN OF SERVICE/AFFIDAVIT of Summons and Complaint Executed. AMY GLEASON served on 6/9/2025 (Girard, Bradley) Modified docket text on 6/18/2025 (mg). (Entered: 06/13/2025)

June 13, 2025

June 13, 2025

PACER
19

RETURN OF SERVICE/AFFIDAVIT of Summons and Complaint Executed. SERGIO GOR served on 6/9/2025 (Girard, Bradley) Modified docket text on 6/18/2025 (mg). (Entered: 06/13/2025)

June 13, 2025

June 13, 2025

PACER
20

RETURN OF SERVICE/AFFIDAVIT of Summons and Complaint Executed. DONALD J. TRUMP served on 6/9/2025 (Girard, Bradley) Modified docket text on 6/18/2025 (mg). (Entered: 06/13/2025)

June 13, 2025

June 13, 2025

PACER
21

RETURN OF SERVICE/AFFIDAVIT of Summons and Complaint Executed. U.S. DOGE SERVICE served on 6/9/2025 (Girard, Bradley) Modified docket text on 6/18/2025 (mg). (Entered: 06/13/2025)

June 13, 2025

June 13, 2025

PACER
22

RETURN OF SERVICE/AFFIDAVIT of Summons and Complaint Executed. U.S. DOGE SERVICE TEMPORARY ORGANIZATION served on 6/9/2025 (Girard, Bradley) Modified docket text on 6/18/2025 (mg). (Entered: 06/13/2025)

June 13, 2025

June 13, 2025

PACER
23

RETURN OF SERVICE/AFFIDAVIT of Summons and Complaint Executed on United States Attorney General. Date of Service Upon United States Attorney General 06/3/2025. (Girard, Bradley) Modified docket text on 6/18/2025 (mg). (Entered: 06/13/2025)

June 13, 2025

June 13, 2025

PACER
24

RETURN OF SERVICE/AFFIDAVIT of Summons and Complaint Executed as to the United States Attorney. Date of Service Upon United States Attorney on 6/3/2025. Answer due for ALL FEDERAL DEFENDANTS by 8/2/2025. (Girard, Bradley) Modified docket text on 6/18/2025 (mg). (Entered: 06/13/2025)

June 13, 2025

June 13, 2025

PACER

Motion Hearing

June 18, 2025

June 18, 2025

PACER

Set/Reset Deadlines

June 18, 2025

June 18, 2025

PACER

Minute Entry for Motion Hearing held on 6/18/2025 before Judge Richard J. Leon. Oral arguments submitted on Plaintiff's Motion 7 for Preliminary Injunction. Court takes matter under advisement. Forthcoming Order. Court Reporter: Lisa Edwards. (zljn)

June 18, 2025

June 18, 2025

PACER
25

TRANSCRIPT OF PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION HEARING before Judge Richard J. Leon held on June 18, 2025; Page Numbers: 1-14. Date of Issuance: June 18, 2025. Court Reporter/Transcriber Lisa Edwards, Telephone number (202) 354-3269, Transcripts may be ordered by submitting the Transcript Order FormFor the first 90 days after this filing date, the transcript may be viewed at the courthouse at a public terminal or purchased from the court reporter referenced above. After 90 days, the transcript may be accessed via PACER. Other transcript formats, (multi-page, condensed, CD or ASCII) may be purchased from the court reporter.NOTICE RE REDACTION OF TRANSCRIPTS: The parties have twenty-one days to file with the court and the court reporter any request to redact personal identifiers from this transcript. If no such requests are filed, the transcript will be made available to the public via PACER without redaction after 90 days. The policy, which includes the five personal identifiers specifically covered, is located on our website at www.dcd.uscourts.gov. Redaction Request due 7/9/2025. Redacted Transcript Deadline set for 7/19/2025. Release of Transcript Restriction set for 9/16/2025.(Edwards, Lisa) (Entered: 06/18/2025)

June 18, 2025

June 18, 2025

PACER

Set/Reset Deadlines: Answer due by 8/2/2025 (mg)

June 18, 2025

June 18, 2025

PACER
26

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Richard J. Leon on 7/1/2025. (lcrjl2) (Entered: 07/01/2025)

July 1, 2025

July 1, 2025

Clearinghouse
27

ORDER. Consistent with the attached Order, plaintiffs' 7 Motion for Preliminary Injunction is granted in part and denied in part. See attached Order for details. Signed by Judge Richard J. Leon on 7/1/2025. (lcrjl2) (Entered: 07/01/2025)

July 1, 2025

July 1, 2025

RECAP

MINUTE ORDER. It is hereby ORDERED that the parties shall file a joint status report no later than July 29, 2025, proposing to the Court how this case should proceed. SO ORDERED. Signed by Judge Richard J. Leon on 7/22/2025. (lcrjl2)

July 22, 2025

July 22, 2025

PACER

.Order AND ~Util - Set/Reset Deadlines

July 22, 2025

July 22, 2025

PACER
28

Joint STATUS REPORT by SOLOMON CHI, PAUL OLSON, RURAL DEVELOPMENT INNOVATIONS LIMITED. (Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 07/29/2025)

July 29, 2025

July 29, 2025

RECAP

Case Details

State / Territory: District of Columbia

Case Type(s):

Presidential/Gubernatorial Authority

Special Collection(s):

Trump Administration 2.0: Challenges to the Government

Trump Administration 2.0: Challenges to the Government (Appointments/Civil Service)

Trump Administration 2.0: Challenges to the Government (Authority of Independent Agencies )

Key Dates

Filing Date: May 21, 2025

Case Ongoing: Yes

Plaintiffs

Plaintiff Description:

Africa-based grantee of U.S. African Development Foundation and two Foundation employees

Plaintiff Type(s):

Private Plaintiff

Closely-held (for profit) corporation

Attorney Organizations:

Democracy Forward

Public Interest Lawyer: Yes

Filed Pro Se: No

Class Action Sought: No

Class Action Outcome: Not sought

Defendants

Pete Marocco in his capacitues as Purported Acting Chair and Purported Acting President (District of Columbia), Federal

U.S. DOGE Service (District of Columbia), Federal

Department of Interior (District of Columbia), Federal

Department of Treasury (District of Columbia), Federal

Defendant Type(s):

Jurisdiction-wide

Case Details

Causes of Action:

Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 551 et seq.

Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201

Constitutional Clause(s):

Due Process

Available Documents:

Trial Court Docket

Complaint (any)

Injunctive (or Injunctive-like) Relief

Any published opinion

Outcome

Prevailing Party: Plaintiff

Nature of Relief:

Preliminary injunction / Temp. restraining order

Source of Relief:

Litigation

Content of Injunction:

Preliminary relief granted

Position Restored

Reinstatement

Other requirements regarding hiring, promotion, retention

Order Duration: 2025 - None

Issues

Presidential/Gubernatorial Authority:

Impoundment (mandatory spending)