Case: Students for Fair Admissions v. Trustees of the Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop

1:25-cv-00450 | U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaii

Filed Date: Oct. 20, 2025

Case Ongoing

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Case Summary

This case challenges the race-based admissions policy of the Kamehameha Schools in Hawaii. Specifically, the lawsuit targets the Schools' policy of giving preference to "applicants of Hawaiian ancestry," which the plaintiff alleges operates as a rigid, sequencing-based quota that effectively excludes non-native Hawaiian students. The plaintiff claims this policy constitutes unlawful racial discrimination in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981, which guarantees all persons the same right to make and e…

This case challenges the race-based admissions policy of the Kamehameha Schools in Hawaii. Specifically, the lawsuit targets the Schools' policy of giving preference to "applicants of Hawaiian ancestry," which the plaintiff alleges operates as a rigid, sequencing-based quota that effectively excludes non-native Hawaiian students. The plaintiff claims this policy constitutes unlawful racial discrimination in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981, which guarantees all persons the same right to make and enforce contracts as is enjoyed by white citizens. 

On October 20, 2025, Students for Fair Admissions (SFFA), a voluntary membership organization, filed this lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaii against the Trustees of the Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop, doing business as Kamehameha Schools. Represented by Consovoy McCarthy PLLC, Dhillon Law Group Inc., and Lawfair LLC, the Plaintiff asserts that Kamehameha's admissions policy is racially discriminatory because it admits zero students who lack native Hawaiian ancestry unless all native Hawaiian applicants have been admitted—a condition the school allegedly ensures never happens. Plaintiff alleges that the policy cannot satisfy strict scrutiny or the "affirmative action" exception previously carved out by the Ninth Circuit in Doe v. Kamehameha Schools (see here), arguing that the legal and factual landscape has changed significantly since that 2006 decision, particularly since SFFA v. Harvard (2023) (see here). Plaintiff seeks declaratory and injunctive relief to end the race-based admissions policy, undo past discrimination, and require the school to be equally open to non-native Hawaiians, as well as nominal damages. 

The case was initially assigned to Senior District Judge Leslie E. Kobayashi, who recused herself on October 21, 2025. The case was subsequently reassigned to District Judge Micah W. J. Smith.

On October 23, 2025, Plaintiff filed a Notice of Constitutional Challenge pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 5.1(a), notifying the U.S. Attorney General that the case draws into question the constitutionality of 42 U.S.C. § 1981. Plaintiff argued that if the statute contains a "carveout" for Native Hawaiians, as the Ninth Circuit appeared to hold in 2006, that carveout violates the Fifth Amendment's equal protection principle. Following briefing from the parties, on December 1, 2025, Judge Smith certified to the Attorney General that the action calls into question the constitutionality of § 1981 and extended the deadline for the United States to intervene by 60 days. 2025 WL 3454758.

Also on December 1, 2025, the court approved a stipulation allowing the Plaintiff to file a First Amended Complaint. Defendants response to the First Amended Complaint is due on or before January 14, 2026.

The case is ongoing.

Summary Authors

Jack Moore (12/7/2025)

People

For PACER's information on parties and their attorneys, see: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/71701556/parties/students-for-fair-admissions-v-trustees-of-the-estate-of-bernice-pauahi/


Attorney for Plaintiff

Anderson, R. Gabriel (Hawaii)

Connolly, J. Michael (Hawaii)

Attorney for Defendant

Bash, John F. (Hawaii)

Burck, William A. (Hawaii)

Cox, Joachim P. (Hawaii)

Expert/Monitor/Master/Other

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Documents in the Clearinghouse

Document
1

1:25-cv-00450

Complaint

Oct. 20, 2025

Oct. 20, 2025

Complaint
16

1:25-cv-00450

Order of Recusal

Oct. 21, 2025

Oct. 21, 2025

Order/Opinion
18

1:25-cv-00450

Notice of Constitutional Challenge

Oct. 23, 2025

Oct. 23, 2025

Pleading / Motion / Brief
40

1:25-cv-00450

Certification To The Attorney General Of The United States That A Federal Statute Has Been Questioned, And Order Permitting Intervention

Dec. 1, 2025

Dec. 1, 2025

Order/Opinion

2025 WL 3454758

Docket

See docket on RECAP: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/71701556/students-for-fair-admissions-v-trustees-of-the-estate-of-bernice-pauahi/

Last updated Dec. 8, 2025, 12:56 p.m.

ECF Number Description Date Link Date / Link
1

COMPLAINT against Trustees of the Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop dba Kamehameha Schools ( Filing fee $ 405 receipt number BHIDC-3223237.), filed by Students for Fair Admissions. (Attachments: # 1 Civil Cover Sheet)(Franklin-Murdock, Jesse) (Entered: 10/20/2025)

1 Civil Cover Sheet

View on PACER

Oct. 20, 2025

Oct. 20, 2025

Clearinghouse
2

Summons (Proposed) (Franklin-Murdock, Jesse) (Entered: 10/20/2025)

Oct. 20, 2025

Oct. 20, 2025

3

Corporate Disclosure Statement by Students for Fair Admissions. (Franklin-Murdock, Jesse) (Entered: 10/20/2025)

Oct. 20, 2025

Oct. 20, 2025

4

NOTICE of Case Assignment: Please reflect Civil case number CV25-00450 LEK-RT on all further pleadings. (jni) (Entered: 10/20/2025)

Oct. 20, 2025

Oct. 20, 2025

5

Order Setting Telephonic Rule 16 Scheduling Conference is set for 09:00AM on 12/15/2025 before MAGISTRATE JUDGE ROM TRADER - Signed by CHIEF JUDGE DERRICK K. WATSON on 10/20/2025. ATTACH THE SCHEDULING ORDER TO THE INITIATING DOCUMENT (COMPLAINT/NOTICE OF REMOVAL). THE SCHEDULING ORDER MUST BE SERVED WITH THE DOCUMENT.(jni) (Entered: 10/20/2025)

Oct. 20, 2025

Oct. 20, 2025

6

CIVIL Waiver of Service Packet - Notice to Parties Regarding Service Pursuant to Rule 4 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Attachments: # 1 Notice of a Lawsuit and Request to Waive Service of a Summons, # 2 Waiver of the Service of Summons)(jni) (Entered: 10/20/2025)

1

View on RECAP

2

View on RECAP

Oct. 20, 2025

Oct. 20, 2025

7

Notice to Parties RE: Corporate Disclosure Statements: Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 7.1 and Criminal Rule 12.4 both address the filing of Corporate Disclosure Statements. Both rules state A party must:(1) file the Rule 7.1(a) (or 12.4(a)) statement with its first appearance, pleading, petition, motion, response, or other request addressed to the court, and (2) promptly file a supplemental statement upon a change in the information that the statement requires. (jni) (Entered: 10/20/2025)

Oct. 20, 2025

Oct. 20, 2025

8

Summons Issued as to Trustees of The Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop. (jni) (Entered: 10/20/2025)

Oct. 20, 2025

Oct. 20, 2025

9

MOTION for Pro Hac Vice [R. Gabriel Anderson, Esq.] Filing fee $ 300, receipt number BHIDC-3223400.Jesse Franklin-Murdock appearing for Plaintiff Students for Fair Admissions (Attachments: # 1 Declaration of Counsel, # 2 Proposed Order)(Franklin-Murdock, Jesse) Modified on 10/21/2025 (eta). (Entered: 10/20/2025)

Oct. 20, 2025

Oct. 20, 2025

10

MOTION for Pro Hac Vice [Cameron T. Norris, Esq.] Filing fee $ 300, receipt number AHIDC-3223403. Jesse Franklin-Murdock appearing for Plaintiff Students for Fair Admissions (Attachments: # 1 Declaration of Counsel, # 2 Proposed Order)(Franklin-Murdock, Jesse) Modified on 10/21/2025 (eta). (Entered: 10/20/2025)

Oct. 20, 2025

Oct. 20, 2025

11

MOTION for Pro Hac Vice [J. Michael Connolly, Esq.] Filing fee $ 300, receipt number AHIDC-3223405.Jesse Franklin-Murdock appearing for Plaintiff Students for Fair Admissions (Attachments: # 1 Declaration of Counsel, # 2 Proposed Order)(Franklin-Murdock, Jesse) Modified on 10/21/2025 (eta). (Entered: 10/20/2025)

Oct. 20, 2025

Oct. 20, 2025

12

MOTION for Pro Hac Vice [Julius Kairey, Esq.] Filing fee $ 300, receipt number AHIDC-3223407.Jesse Franklin-Murdock appearing for Plaintiff Students for Fair Admissions (Attachments: # 1 Declaration of Counsel, # 2 Proposed Order)(Franklin-Murdock, Jesse) Modified on 10/21/2025 (eta). (Entered: 10/20/2025)

Oct. 20, 2025

Oct. 20, 2025

13

MOTION for Pro Hac Vice [Adam K. Motara, Esq.] Filing fee $ 300, receipt number AHIDC-3223409.Jesse Franklin-Murdock appearing for Plaintiff Students for Fair Admissions (Attachments: # 1 Declaration of Counsel, # 2 Proposed Order)(Franklin-Murdock, Jesse) Modified on 10/21/2025 (eta). (Entered: 10/20/2025)

Oct. 20, 2025

Oct. 20, 2025

14

MOTION for Pro Hac Vice [Thomas R. McCarthy, Esq.] Filing fee $ 300, receipt number AHIDC-3223852.Jesse Franklin-Murdock appearing for Plaintiff Students for Fair Admissions (Attachments: # 1 Declaration of Counsel, # 2 Proposed Order)(Franklin-Murdock, Jesse) Modified on 10/21/2025 (eta). (Entered: 10/21/2025)

Oct. 21, 2025

Oct. 21, 2025

15

SUMMONS Returned Executed by Students for Fair Admissions. Trustees of The Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop served on 10/21/2025. (Franklin-Murdock, Jesse) (Entered: 10/21/2025)

Oct. 21, 2025

Oct. 21, 2025

16

ORDER OF RECUSAL - Signed by SENIOR JUDGE LESLIE E. KOBAYASHI on 10/21/2025. (eta) (Entered: 10/21/2025)

Oct. 21, 2025

Oct. 21, 2025

Clearinghouse
17

NOTICE of Case Reassignment: Please reflect new Civil case number CV 25-00450 MWJS-RT on all further pleadings. (eta) (Entered: 10/22/2025)

Oct. 22, 2025

Oct. 22, 2025

18

NOTICE by Students for Fair Admissions of Constitutional Challenge Students for Fair Admissions. (Attachments: # 1 Certificate of Service)(Franklin-Murdock, Jesse) (Entered: 10/23/2025)

1 Certificate of Service

View on PACER

Oct. 23, 2025

Oct. 23, 2025

Clearinghouse
19

ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO APPEAR PRO HAC VICE as to R. Gabriel Anderson, Esq. re 9 - Signed by MAGISTRATE JUDGE ROM TRADER on 10/24/2025.Attorney R. Gabriel Anderson added Pro Hac Vice for Plaintiff Students for Fair Admissions. (jni) (Entered: 10/24/2025)

Oct. 24, 2025

Oct. 24, 2025

20

ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO APPEAR PRO HAC VICE as to Cameron T. Norris, Esq. re 10 - Signed by MAGISTRATE JUDGE ROM TRADER on 10/24/2025.Attorney Cameron T. Norris added Pro Hac Vice for Plaintiff Students for Fair Admissions. (jni) (Entered: 10/24/2025)

Oct. 24, 2025

Oct. 24, 2025

21

ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO APPEAR PRO HAC VICE as to J. Michael Connolly, Esq. re 11 - Signed by MAGISTRATE JUDGE ROM TRADER on 10/24/2025.Attorney J. Michael Connolly added Pro Hac Vice for Plaintiff Students for Fair Admissions. (jni) (Entered: 10/24/2025)

Oct. 24, 2025

Oct. 24, 2025

22

ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO APPEAR PRO HAC VICE as to Julius Kairey, Esq. re 12 - Signed by MAGISTRATE JUDGE ROM TRADER on 10/24/2025.Attorney Julius Kairey added Pro Hac Vice for Plaintiff Students for Fair Admissions. (jni) (Entered: 10/24/2025)

Oct. 24, 2025

Oct. 24, 2025

23

ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO APPEAR PRO HAC VICE as to Adam K. Mortara, Esq. re 13 - Signed by MAGISTRATE JUDGE ROM TRADER on 10/24/2025. Attorney Adam K. Mortara added Pro Hac Vice for Plaintiff Students for Fair Admissions.(jni) (Entered: 10/24/2025)

Oct. 24, 2025

Oct. 24, 2025

24

ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO APPEAR PRO HAC VICE as to Thomas R. McCarthy, Esq. re 14 - Signed by MAGISTRATE JUDGE ROM TRADER on 10/24/2025.Attorney Thomas R. McCarthy added Pro Hac Vice for Plaintiff Students for Fair Admissions. (jni) (Entered: 10/24/2025)

Oct. 24, 2025

Oct. 24, 2025

25

EO: On October 23, 2025, Plaintiff Students for Fair Admissions ("SFFA") filed a 18 Notice of Constitutional Challenge pursuant to Rule 5.1(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, notifying the Attorney General of the United States that "this matter draws into question the constitutionality of 42 U.S.C. § 1981." Dkt. No. 18, at PageID.98. The notice states that Rule 5.1(a) "appear[s] to be satisfied." Id. If Rule 5.1(a) is indeed satisfied, then the court "must, under 28 U.S.C. § 2403," certify to the Attorney General of the United States "that a statute has been questioned." Fed. R. Civ. P. 5.1(b). SFFA has not taken a position on the issue of certification by the court under Rule 5.1(b). Defendant Trustees of the Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop d/b/a Kamehameha Schools ("Kamehameha Schools") has not yet entered an appearance in this case and therefore also has not taken a position. Within three days of Kamehameha Schools entering an appearance in this case, each party shall file a response to the question of whether the court should certify to the Attorney General of the United States that a statute has been questioned. Each response shall be no longer than three pages. IT IS SO ORDERED. (JUDGE MICAH W.J. SMITH)(rls) (Entered: 10/27/2025)

Oct. 27, 2025

Oct. 27, 2025

26

Brief re 25 Link,,,,, RESPONSE REGARDING CERTIFICATION OF CONSTITUIONAL QUESTION. (Attachments: # 1 Certificate of Service)(Franklin-Murdock, Jesse) (Entered: 10/31/2025)

1 Certificate of Service

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Oct. 31, 2025

Oct. 31, 2025

RECAP
27

MOTION for Leave to File Amicus Curiae Brief in Support of Defendant - by Ni'i Loa M. Kamehameha. (Attachments: # 1 (Proposed) Order, # 2 Memorandum in Support, # 3 Exhibits, # 4 Affidavit, # 5 Certificate of Service, # 6 Mailing Envelope)(jni) (Entered: 11/13/2025)

1 (Proposed) Order

View on PACER

2 Memorandum in Support

View on PACER

3 Exhibits

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4 Affidavit

View on PACER

5 Certificate of Service

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6 Mailing Envelope

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Nov. 13, 2025

Nov. 13, 2025

28

RESPONSE in Opposition re 27 MOTION for Leave to File an Amicus Curiae Brief filed by Students for Fair Admissions. (Attachments: # 1 Certificate of Service)(Franklin-Murdock, Jesse) (Entered: 11/18/2025)

1 Certificate of Service

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Nov. 18, 2025

Nov. 18, 2025

29

EO: By agreement of the parties, the Rule 16 Scheduling Conference scheduled for 12/15/2025 is CONTINUED to 4/22/2026 at 9:00 a.m. before Magistrate Judge Trader. Scheduling Conference Statements are due 4/15/2026. Parties and other participants must call at least five (5) minutes prior to the scheduled start time of the conference. Call-in instructions are below:Dial in number: 1-833-568-8864 (toll-free).Meeting ID: 161 5641 6035. (MAGISTRATE JUDGE ROM TRADER)(rt2) (Entered: 11/21/2025)

Nov. 21, 2025

Nov. 21, 2025

30

(non-party) REPLY to Plaintiff's Opposition to Motion for Leave to File Amicus Curiae Brief (Regarding Docket 28) re 27 - filed by Ni'i Loa M. Kamehameha. (Attachments: # 1 Certificate of Service)(jni) (Additional attachment(s) added on 11/24/2025: # 2 Mailing Envelope) (jni). (Entered: 11/24/2025)

Nov. 24, 2025

Nov. 24, 2025

31

(non-party) Motion for Permission to File Electronically (CM/ECF) - by Ni'i Loa M. Kamehameha. (Attachments: # 1 Certificate of Service) (jni) (Additional attachment(s) added on 11/24/2025: # 2 Mailing Envelope) (jni). (Entered: 11/24/2025)

Nov. 24, 2025

Nov. 24, 2025

32

STATEMENT Regarding Proceedings in Response to October 27, 2025, EO Concerning Certification Under Rule 5.1(B) [ECF 25] filed by Trustees of The Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop. (Attachments: # 1 Certificate of Service)(Cox, Joachim) (Entered: 11/25/2025)

1 Certificate of Service

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Nov. 25, 2025

Nov. 25, 2025

33

MOTION for Pro Hac Vice [Ellyde R. Thompson] Filing fee $ 300, receipt number AHIDC-3238272.Joachim P. Cox appearing for Defendant Trustees of The Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop (Cox, Joachim) (Entered: 11/26/2025)

Nov. 26, 2025

Nov. 26, 2025

34

MOTION for Pro Hac Vice [John F. Bash] Filing fee $ 300, receipt number AHIDC-3238274.Joachim P. Cox appearing for Defendant Trustees of The Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop (Cox, Joachim) (Entered: 11/26/2025)

Nov. 26, 2025

Nov. 26, 2025

35

MOTION for Pro Hac Vice [William A. Burck] Filing fee $ 300, receipt number AHIDC-3238275.Joachim P. Cox appearing for Defendant Trustees of The Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop (Cox, Joachim) (Entered: 11/26/2025)

Nov. 26, 2025

Nov. 26, 2025

36

AMENDED COMPLAINT; Jury Trial Demanded against Trustees of The Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop, filed by Students for Fair Admissions, I. P., B. P..(Franklin-Murdock, Jesse) Modified on 12/1/2025 (jni) (Entered: 12/01/2025)

Dec. 1, 2025

Dec. 1, 2025

37

ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO APPEAR PRO HAC VICE as to Ellyde R. Thompson, Esq. re 33 - Signed by MAGISTRATE JUDGE ROM TRADER on 12/1/2025.Attorney Ellyde R. Thompson added Pro Hac Vice for Defendant Trustees of the Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop (jni) (Entered: 12/01/2025)

Dec. 1, 2025

Dec. 1, 2025

38

ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO APPEAR PRO HAC VICE as to John F. Bash, Esq. re 34 - Signed by MAGISTRATE JUDGE ROM TRADER on 12/1/2025.Attorney John F. Bash added Pro Hac Vice for Defendant Trustees of the Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop (jni) (Entered: 12/01/2025)

Dec. 1, 2025

Dec. 1, 2025

RECAP
39

ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO APPEAR PRO HAC VICE as to William A. Burck, Esq. re 35 - Signed by MAGISTRATE JUDGE ROM TRADER on 12/1/2025.Attorney William A. Burck added Pro Hac Vice for Defendant Trustees of the Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop (jni) (Entered: 12/01/2025)

Dec. 1, 2025

Dec. 1, 2025

40

CERTIFICATION TO THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES THAT A FEDERAL STATUTE HAS BEEN QUESTIONED, AND ORDERPERMITTING INTERVENTION - Signed by JUDGE MICAH W.J. SMITH on 12/1/2025.   Under 28 U.S.C. § 2403(a) an d Rule 5.1(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the court hereby certifies to the Attorney General of the United States that this action, in part, calls into question the constitutionality of 42 U.S.C. § 1981. The United States shall be p ermitted to intervene in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 2403(a) and Rule 5.1(c), except that the court extends the deadline for intervention so that it expires 60 days from the date of this order. The Clerk of Court shall serve this certification and order on the Attorney General for the United States.(jni)

Dec. 1, 2025

Dec. 1, 2025

Clearinghouse
41

FIRST STIPULATION TO FILE FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT AND IDENTIFY RESPONSE DATE, AND ORDER - Signed by MAGISTRATE JUDGE ROM TRADER on 12/1/2025.The Trustees of The Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop answer due 1/14/2026.(jni) (Entered: 12/01/2025)

Dec. 1, 2025

Dec. 1, 2025

RECAP

COURT'S CERTIFICATE of Service - a certified copy of 40 Order, has been served by First Class Mail to the Office of the Attorney General, U.S. Department of Justice, 950 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20530-0001 on December 2, 2025. Registered Participants of CM/ECF received the document electronically at the e-mail address listed on the Notice of Electronic Filing (NEF). (jni)

Dec. 2, 2025

Dec. 2, 2025

Case Details

State / Territory:

Hawaii

Case Type(s):

Education

Key Dates

Filing Date: Oct. 20, 2025

Case Ongoing: Yes

Plaintiffs

Plaintiff Description:

Plaintiff is an organization formed to contest the use of race in admissions decisions by schools. It represents members who have tried and failed to gain admissions to certain schools.

Plaintiff Type(s):

Non-profit NON-religious organization

Public Interest Lawyer: No

Filed Pro Se: No

Class Action Sought: No

Class Action Outcome: Not sought

Defendants

Defendant Type(s):

Elementary/Secondary School

Case Details

Causes of Action:

42 U.S.C. § 1981

Constitutional Clause(s):

Equal Protection

Other Dockets:

District of Hawaii 1:25-cv-00450

Available Documents:

Any published opinion

Complaint (any)

Trial Court Docket

Outcome

Prevailing Party: None Yet / None

Relief Sought:

Damages

Declaratory judgment

Injunction

Relief Granted:

None yet

Source of Relief:

None yet

Issues

General/Misc.:

Education

Discrimination Area:

Disparate Treatment

Discrimination Basis:

Race discrimination