Filed Date: Jan. 11, 2006
Case Ongoing
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On January 11, 2006, several inmates at the state prison at San Quentin filed lawsuits under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the California Department of Corrections in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. The plaintiffs, all of whom were scheduled to be executed by lethal injection, alleged that their constitutional rights were threatened, arguing that lethal injection was cruel and unusual punishment that violated the Eighth Amendment. They further argued that pancuronium bromide, a paralytic agent that acts as a chemical veil over the lethal injection process, disguises the pain and suffering to which a prisoner being executed is subjected, masking the constitutional violation.
On February 13, 2006, these cases were consolidated, with Michael Angelo Morales being treated as the lead plaintiff. On February 14, 2006, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (Judge Jeremy Fogel) conditionally denied the plaintiff's request for a temporary stay of execution, stipulating that the stay would be granted unless the defendants certified in writing that they would either 1) use only sodium thiopental during the execution or 2) agree to obtain an independent verification by a medically qualified individual that the plaintiff is unconscious before he receives the lethal injection. Morales v. Hickman, 415 F.Supp.2d 1037 (N.D.Cal. 2006). The plaintiff appealed. On February 19, 2006, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit issued a per curiam denial of the appeal. Morales v. Hickman, 438 F.3d 926 (9th Cir. 2006). The plaintiff sought review by the U.S. Supreme Court. On February 20, 2006, the U.S. Supreme Court denied the petition for certiorari. Morales v. Hickman, 546 U.S. 1163 (2006).
As the execution was about to commence on February 21, 2006, the two anesthesiologists designated by the defendants to certify that the plaintiff was unconscious declined to participate in the execution due to ethical concerns arising from their lack of understanding of certain language in the opinions that had been issued in the case. As a result of this hesitation, the execution did not go forward as scheduled. Later the same day, the District Court (Judge Fogel) again ordered the execution by lethal injection to go forward, using sodium thiopental. For reasons that are not specified in our documents, the execution was not carried out, the defendants were unwilling or unable to execute the plaintiff in accordance with the requirements of the District Court, and a stay of execution to permit an evidentiary hearing issued automatically pursuant to the District Court's order of February 14, 2006.
From September 26-29, 2006, the District Court held an evidentiary hearing to resolve the issue. On December 15, 2006, the District Court (Judge Fogel) issued an opinion holding that it would be unconstitutional to inject a prisoner who was not unconscious and ordering the defendants to review and revise their execution procedures.
On January 16, 2007, the defendants responded to the district court's order, advising the court of their intent to revise the state's execution procedures and asking the court for a protective order that would allow them to obtain accurate and candid information necessary to the revision. On March 6, 2007, the District Court denied the motion for a protective order, holding that it was unnecessary. On May 15, 2007, the State of California issued the Lethal Injection Protocol Review, a document that discussed the history and procedures involved in lethal injection, as well as necessary changes that would be made to the procedure.
On July 2, 2007, the Plaintiffs filed a third amended complaint alleging that the defendant's Lethal Injunction Protocol Review still created "a grave and substantial risk that Plaintiff will not be adequately unconscious during the execution process and, as a result, will experience an excruciatingly painful and protracted death." Accordingly, the Plaintiffs argued that the defendant's protocol represented an unconstitutional risk of severe pain.
On April 16, 2008, the United States Supreme Court decided Baze v. Rees. In that case, the Court upheld Kentucky's lethal injection protocol as constitutional. Significant to the case at hand, the Kentucky protocol utilized the same three-drug cocktail as California's amended protocol does. The Court established that to show an 8th amendment violation, a plaintiff must prove that a State's lethal injection protocol "creates a demonstrated risk of severe pain. [They] must show that the risk is substantial when compared to the known and available alternatives." The Court found that Kentucky's protocol did not violate this standard. Moreover, the plurality opinion held that "a lethal injection protocol substantially similar to the protocol we uphold today would not create a risk that meets this standard."
On October 8, 2010, the Plaintiffs filed their fourth amended complaint again alleging that the defendant's Lethal Injunction Protocol Review "will subject them to present demonstrated substantial risks of inflicting tortuous pain and suffering under the Eighth Amendment." Furthermore, the Plaintiffs contended that "Defendants' continued use of their three-drug procedure when tested, available alternatives exist establishes that the demonstrated risk of severe pain by Defendants' process is substantial when compared to the known and available alternatives. Defendants have refused to adopt such alternatives in the face of these documented advantages, without any legitimate penological justification for their continued retention of the three-drug protocol."
On October 25, 2010, the Defendants filed a motion to dismiss for a failure to state a claim. The defendants argued, "plaintiffs failed to state a claim for a facial challenge to California's regulations because the regulations are substantially similar to or exceed the regulations approved by the United States Supreme Court in Baze." Moreover, the motion argued, "Plaintiffs have not alleged facts sufficient to state a claim that, as written, California's regulations will necessarily subject Plaintiffs to a substantial risk of serious harm, where serious harm means severe pain." However, the defendants did not challenge the plaintiffs as applied challenge. On December 10, 2010, the court denied the defendants' motion to dismiss. Given the defendants' burden at the motion to dismiss stage of the litigation, the court was unwilling to find that the plaintiffs had failed to state a claim. However, the court made clear that it "intends to monitor closely the scope and pace of any additional discovery so that the merits of Plaintiffs' claims can be adjudicated promptly."
On June 19, 2013, the court granted the plaintiff's motion to intervene and to stay execution for an additional plaintiff. On September 17, 2013, the Court granted another motion to intervene for two more plaintiffs.
On November 7, 2014, the Criminal Justice Legal Foundation filed a lawsuit called Winchell & Alexander v. Beard against the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) in Sacramento County Superior Court. The plaintiffs were two individuals whose family members had been murdered by inmates currently on death row who are plaintiffs in Morales v. Hickman. The plaintiffs in Winchell & Alexander argued that as relatives of the victims they had been denied justice by the continued delays of the executions. This case was settled on June 2, 2015, when CDCR agreed to promulgate a single-drug lethal injection regulation within 120 days after the U.S. Supreme Court issued its opinion in Glossip v. Gross. See the CJLF's website for more information.
On June 29, 2015 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Glossip v. Gross that the sedative midazolam may be part of the lethal injection protocol. 135 S. Ct. 2726 (2015).
On October 27, 2015 CDCR submitted its notice of proposed adoption of lethal injection regulations to the Office of Administrative Law for publication in the California Regulatory Notice Register, pursuant to the settlement in Winchell & Alexander v. Beard. According to California's Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation's website, the notice was published in the register on November 6, 2015. The proposed regulations would change the death penalty protocol from the three-drug cocktail to a single drug.
In a new setback to efforts to restart executions in California, the state's Office of Administrative Law (OAL) has rejected the new lethal injection protocol proposed by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. On December 28, 2016, the OAL, which is responsible for reviewing regulatory changes proposed in California, issued a 25-page decision of disapproval, citing inconsistencies, inadequate justification for certain parts of the proposal, and a failure to adequately respond to public comments. The agency gave the Department of Corrections four months to address problems in the protocol. See the Death Penalty Information Center website.
On April 18, 2018, Judge Seeborg granted a motion to relate the case of Los Angeles Times Communications LLC v. Kernan to the Morales case. This suit was a First Amendment challenge to California's lethal injection protocol brought by Los Angeles Times Communications LLC and San Francisco Media Progressive Media Center. In response, defendants moved for reconsideration of the order relating the suits. Judge Seeborg denied the motion, arguing that it would be an "unduly burdensome duplication of labor" to have the cases tried separately.
On May 14, 2018, Judge Seeborg granted a motion to intervene by an inmate at San Quentin State Prison. The order also stipulated that his execution be stayed until the litigation ended.
On July 5, 2018, the San Mateo District Attorney moved to intervene in the case on the grounds that it was in their interests to protect the death judgement obtained for certain inmates. They sought intervention to vacate the stays of execution. Both the Riverside and San Bernardino District Attorneys moved to intervene on similar grounds. Judge Seeborg issued an order denying the motions to intervene on the grounds that the District Attorneys' interests were already being represented by the defendants in the case. In August of 2018, the San Mateo, Riverside, and San Bernardino District Attorney's appealed. The appeal was later denied in January of 2020 in light of the settlement negotiations.
On October 31, 2018, an additional inmate moved to intervene and sought a stay of his execution. Two additional inmate moved to intervene and sought a stay of their executions in November of 2018. These motions were denied without prejudice for procedural reasons, leaving a possibility for them to intervene if they filed an amended complaint.
On September 11, 2019, plaintiffs moved for summary judgment, arguing that the executions violated the Eight Amendment.
Two days later, plaintiffs moved to have their suit referred to a Settlement Conference with a Magistrate Judge following California Governor Newsom's Executive Order issued March 13, 2019, which placed a moratorium on the death penalty in California. Judge Seeborg granted this motion and the Settlement Conference was referred to Magistrate Judge Donna M. Ryu.
As of January 30, 2020, the parties were engaged in settlement talks. There is a settlement conference scheduled for April 23, 2020.
Summary Authors
Justin Benson (2/5/2012)
Anna Jones (3/28/2016)
Abigail DeHart (11/4/2016)
Virginia Weeks (2/4/2018)
Cedar Hobbs (1/30/2020)
Pacific News Service v. Woodford, Northern District of California (2006)
For PACER's information on parties and their attorneys, see: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4165701/parties/morales-v-beard/
Anders, Ginger (District of Columbia)
Allin, Jon S (California)
Anderson, Robert R. (California)
Andrada, J. Randall (California)
Aminoff, Jonathan Charles (California)
Anders, Ginger (District of Columbia)
Bachop, Matthew Bradley (California)
Barnett, Kathryn E. (California)
Center, Habeas Corpus (California)
Cizin, Miro Frank (California)
Coleman, Christopher E. (California)
Dahlstrom, Kelly Elizabeth (California)
Edwards, Elaine Fawcett (California)
Fields, Stevie Lamar (California)
Kennedy, Sean Kevin (California)
Leong, Shannon Christine (California)
Lui, Catherine Yunshan (California)
Morrison, Kelly Marie (California)
Reinhart, Stephanie L. (Illinois)
Saavedra, Barbara Susan (California)
Senior , David Andrew (California)
Steinken , Richard P. (Illinois)
Teshima, Darren S. (California)
Tria, Ann−Kathryn Rose (California)
Anderson, Robert R. (California)
Andrada, J. Randall (California)
Angus, Michelle L. (California)
Bragg, Robert Lawrence (California)
Brice, David Eugene (California)
Brown, Edmund G. Jr. (California)
Brown, Robert Paul (California)
Burns, Gordon Bruce (California)
Ciccotti, Christine Marie (California)
Craven-Green, Erica L. (California)
D'Agostino, Martine Noel (California)
Derrenbacher, Christopher J (California)
Donnellan, Jonathan R. (California)
Engler , Gerald A. (California)
Femal, Kelly Lynn (California)
Feudale, Scott John (California)
Fisher, Jeffrey Thomas (California)
Fluet, Edward Rheem (California)
Garske, Sharon Anne (California)
Gillette , Dane R. (California)
Goldstein, Seth E. (California)
Gordon, Alexandra Robert (California)
Groendyke, Emily Jane (California)
Henderson, Jennifer T. (California)
Herrington, Robert James (California)
Hershman, Brian D (California)
Hickerson, Michelle (California)
Hoffstadt, Brian M (California)
Hood, Joanna Breiden (California)
Kirkpatrick, Sean A. (California)
Kirschenbauer, Marisa Yee (California)
Kurtz, Benjamin Samuel (California)
Laird, T Michelle (California)
Matthais, Ronald Stephen (California)
Matthias, Ronald Stephen (California)
McClease, Kelly Lynn (California)
McKinney, Patrick R. (California)
Morazzini, Zackery Paul (California)
Nguyen, Giam Minh (California)
O'Bannon, Danielle Felice (California)
O'Brien, Anthony Paul (California)
O'Brien, Jillian Renee (California)
O'Donnell, Elizabeth G (California)
Oliver-Thompson, Megan (California)
Onyeagbako, Maureen C. (California)
Patterson, Thomas S. (California)
Powell, Daniel J. (California)
Quinn, Michael James (California)
Roman, Matthew Worchesek (California)
Roman, Nicole Lynne (California)
Russell, Jay Craig (California)
Samson, Kelly Ariana (California)
Schaefer, Jerrold Charles (California)
Schneider, Walter Raymond (California)
Sheehy, Terrence F (California)
Simon, Loran Michael (California)
Smith, Janelle M. (California)
Tangri, Shiraz Dinshaw (California)
Tinkham, Nicole Amber (California)
Aminoff, Jonathan Charles (California)
Carrillo−Orellana, Susan Beatriz (California)
Cohbra, Sara Melissa (California)
Colson, Tamara Michelle (California)
Cuomo, Dianna Lynn (California)
Daugherty, Sean Ward (California)
DeWitt, Katie Christine (California)
Drozdowski, Mark Raymond (California)
Eurie, Stacy Boulware (California)
Ferreira, Brentford Joseph (California)
Fitzpatrick, Ivy Bridgett (California)
Garvey, Susan Elizabeth (California)
Gevercer, Steven Mark (California)
Hanisee, Michele A. (California)
Laurence , Michael David (California)
Millman, Michael G. (California)
Molayem, Jennifer Lopez (California)
Moran, Patrick Denis (California)
Parente, Michael Lawrence (California)
Park, Ann Hyanghun (California)
Peakheart, Statia (California)
Plunkett, Cliona R (California)
Project, California Appellate (California)
Renner, Jonathon K. (California)
Richardson-Royer, Elizabeth Hilda (California)
Risher , Michael Temple (California)
Rocconi, Margo Ann (California)
Scheidegger, Kent S. (California)
Schlosser, Alan Lawrence (California)
Schwarz, Jody Helen (California)
Sheldon, Barbara Louise (California)
Spurling, James Casey (California)
Stegeman, Chad Allen (California)
See docket on RECAP: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4165701/morales-v-beard/
Last updated Dec. 20, 2024, 12:03 a.m.
State / Territory: California
Case Type(s):
Special Collection(s):
Key Dates
Filing Date: Jan. 11, 2006
Case Ongoing: Yes
Plaintiffs
Plaintiff Description:
Death-row inmates at California’s San Quentin State Prison
Plaintiff Type(s):
Attorney Organizations:
Public Interest Lawyer: Unknown
Filed Pro Se: No
Class Action Sought: No
Class Action Outcome: Not sought
Defendants
California Department of Corrections, State
Defendant Type(s):
Case Details
Causes of Action:
Constitutional Clause(s):
Available Documents:
Injunctive (or Injunctive-like) Relief
Outcome
Prevailing Party: Plaintiff
Nature of Relief:
Injunction / Injunctive-like Settlement
Source of Relief:
Issues
Death Penalty:
Lethal Injection - Chemicals Used
Lethal Injection - Staffing (including physician)
Affected Sex/Gender(s):
Jails, Prisons, Detention Centers, and Other Institutions: