Case: NAACP v. City of Carmel

1:97-cv-00104 | U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana

Filed Date: Jan. 23, 1997

Closed Date: 2001

Clearinghouse coding complete

Case Summary

On January 23, 1997, the Indianapolis Chapter/NAACP and David Smith filed a class action lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the City of Carmel alleging racial profiling by its police department. Plaintiffs alleged that officers of the Carmel Police Department [CPD] had a policy, custom and/or practice of stopping vehicles because of the race of their drivers or occupants or because of the fact that the cars were from out…

On January 23, 1997, the Indianapolis Chapter/NAACP and David Smith filed a class action lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the City of Carmel alleging racial profiling by its police department. Plaintiffs alleged that officers of the Carmel Police Department [CPD] had a policy, custom and/or practice of stopping vehicles because of the race of their drivers or occupants or because of the fact that the cars were from outside of Hamilton County.

Plaintiff David Smith, an African-American, was a sergeant with the Indiana State Police. Sgt. Smith alleged that he was pulled over by a CPD officer while he was driving home in an unmarked state police vehicle. Sgt. Smith further alleged that he was stopped only because he was an African-American driving an older car which did not have Hamilton County license plates. Sgt. Smith sought damages individually and injunctive relief on behalf of the class.

On January 31, 1997, plaintiffs moved for class certification. Defendants responded by filing an offer of judgment, a motion for partial judgment on the pleadings and a response in opposition to class certification.

Plaintiffs subsequently amended the complaint and their class certification motion. On June 24, 1997, the District Court (Judge McKinney) denied defendants' motion for partial judgment on the pleadings.

Before the District Court ruled on the issue of class certification, the parties settled the matter and entered into a joint stipulation as to settlement and class certification on April 17, 1998. The District Court entered an order certifying the class and approving the settlement. Plaintiffs filed a separate motion to assess liquidated damages in the amount of $20,000 which was denied by the District Court. Sgt. Smith reached a separate confidential settlement of his individual damage claims.

The settlement agreement called for a permanent prohibition against defendants' stopping of vehicles on the basis of the race of the driver and/or passenger. It also enjoined defendants from stopping vehicles because the vehicles do not have Hamilton County license plates. The CPD agreed to videotape all traffic stops and maintain computer records for all such stops. The CPD also agreed to implement a complaint reporting system to track alleged misconduct and to retain an outside consultant to assist with the implementation of the reforms.

Summary Authors

Dan Dalton (1/11/2007)

People

For PACER's information on parties and their attorneys, see: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/37763290/parties/indianapolis-chapternaacp-v-carmel-city-of/

Judge(s)

McKinney, Larry J. (Indiana)

Attorney for Plaintiff

Braudy, Anne (Massachusetts)

Falk, Kenneth J. (Indiana)

Attorney for Defendant

Helmen, Randall (Indiana)

Maley, John R. (Indiana)

Documents in the Clearinghouse

1:97-cv-00104

Docket

April 6, 1999

April 6, 1999

Docket
1

1:97-cv-00104

Complaint

Jan. 23, 1997

Jan. 23, 1997

Complaint
6

1:97-cv-00104

Motion for Class Certification

NAACP v. Carmel City

Jan. 31, 1997

Jan. 31, 1997

Pleading / Motion / Brief
76

1:97-cv-00104

Stipulation of the Parties to Settle All Issues After Approval by the Class/Stipulation to Class Certification/Stipulation and Notice to the Class

April 17, 1998

April 17, 1998

Pleading / Motion / Brief

Resources

Docket

See docket on RECAP: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/37763290/indianapolis-chapternaacp-v-carmel-city-of/

Last updated Nov. 7, 2026, 5:16 a.m.

Docket for: INDIANAPOLIS CHAPTER/NAACP v. CARMEL, CITY OF
ECF Number Date Description Link
1 Jan. 23, 1997

DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL eod 01/23/97 [DLD] (Entered: 01/23/1997)

RECAP
2 Jan. 23, 1997

RECEIPT # 024393 eod 01/23/97 [DLD] (Entered: 01/23/1997)

RECAP
3 Jan. 23, 1997

CIVIL COVER SHEET eod 01/23/97 [DLD] (Entered: 01/23/1997)

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4 Jan. 23, 1997

MAGISTRATE'S NOTICE eod 01/23/97 [DLD] (Entered: 01/23/1997)

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5 Jan. 23, 1997

SUMMONS eod 01/23/97 [DLD] (Entered: 01/23/1997)

RECAP
6 Jan. 31, 1997

MOTION for Class Certification c/s - PLTF Smith eod 01/31/97 [MAC] (Entered: 01/31/1997)

RECAP
7 Feb. 5, 1997

RETURN of service by CMRRR dated 1/24/97 on DEFT The Carmel Police Dept eod 02/05/97 [SWM] (Entered: 02/05/1997)

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8 Feb. 5, 1997

RETURN of service by CMRRR dated 1/24/97 on DEFT The City of Carmel eod 02/05/97 [SWM] (Entered: 02/05/1997)

RECAP
9 Feb. 5, 1997

RETURN of service by CMRRR dated 1/24/97 on DEFT Phillip Hobson c/o Carmel Police Dept eod 02/05/97 [SWM] (Entered: 02/05/1997)

RECAP
11 Feb. 7, 1997

MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS (Partial) cs ALL DEFTS eod 02/10/97 [DLD] (Entered: 02/10/1997)

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12 Feb. 7, 1997

MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT for Partial Judgment on the Pleadings cs ALL DEFTS eod 02/10/97 [DLD] (Entered: 02/10/1997)

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13 Feb. 7, 1997

APPEARANCE of Randall C Helmen & Andrew P Wirick on behalf of DEFTS c/s eod 02/10/97 [SWM] (Entered: 02/10/1997)

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14 Feb. 7, 1997

AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE c/s DEFTS eod 02/10/97 [SWM] (Entered: 02/10/1997)

RECAP
15 Feb. 7, 1997

MOTION FOR TIME TO respond to pltfs' motion for class certification c/s DEFTS eod 02/10/97 [SWM] (Entered: 02/10/1997)

RECAP
16 Feb. 7, 1997

OFFER of judgment c/s DEFTS eod 02/10/97 [SWM] (Entered: 02/10/1997)

RECAP
17 Feb. 12, 1997

ORDER grants defts time to respond to pltfs motion for class certificataion to and including 10 days from the date of the Court's ruling on deft's Motion for Partial Judgment on the Pleading. (SO) cm LJM eod 02/12/97 [DLD] (Entered: 02/12/1997)

RECAP
18 Feb. 24, 1997

MOTION FOR TIME TO respond to defts' motion for partial judgment on the pleadings. cs PLTF (Entered: 02/24/1997)

RECAP
19 Feb. 25, 1997

ORDER grants the pltf time to respond to defts' motion for partial judgment on the pleadings to and including 03/07/97. cm LJM eod 02/25/97 [DLD] (Entered: 02/25/1997)

RECAP
20 March 6, 1997

MOTION FOR TIME TO respond to defts' motion for partial judgment on the pleadings c/s PLTFS (Entered: 03/06/1997)

RECAP
21 March 12, 1997

ORDER grants the pltf time to respond to defts motion for partial judgment on the pleadings is extended to and including 03/12/97. cm LJM eod 03/12/97 [DLD] (Entered: 03/12/1997)

RECAP
22 March 12, 1997

MOTION FOR TIME TO respond to defts' motion for partial judgment on the pleading. cs PLTFS eod 03/13/97 [DLD] (Entered: 03/13/1997)

RECAP
23 March 14, 1997

ORDER GRANTS pltfs motion form time to respond to defts' Motion for Partial S/J to 3/17/97 cm LJM eod 03/14/97 [MAC] (Entered: 03/14/1997)

RECAP
24 March 17, 1997

MOTION TO AMEND complaint c/s PLTFS eod 03/18/97 [SWM] (Entered: 03/18/1997)

RECAP
25 March 17, 1997

MEMORANDUM in opposition to defts' motion for partial judgment on the pleadings c/s PLTFS eod 03/18/97 [SWM] (Entered: 03/18/1997)

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26 March 19, 1997

ORDER grants the Motion to Amend complaint. cm LJM eod 03/19/97 [DLD] (Entered: 03/19/1997)

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27 March 19, 1997

AMENDED COMPLAINT - PLTF eod 03/19/97 [DLD] (Entered: 03/19/1997)

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28 March 31, 1997

MOTION FOR TIME TO file reply brief in support of Motion for Partial Judgment on the Pleadings. cs ALL DEFTS eod 03/31/97 [DLD] (Entered: 03/31/1997)

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29 April 1, 1997

ORDER grants the defts time to file a reply brief to and including 4/14/97. cm LJM eod 04/01/97 [DLD] (Entered: 04/01/1997)

RECAP
30 April 10, 1997

MOTION for class certification (Amended motion) c/s PLTFS eod 04/11/97 [SWM] (Entered: 04/11/1997)

RECAP
31 April 14, 1997

MOTION FOR TIME TO (SECOND) file reply brief in support of motion for partial judgment on the pleadings cs DEFTS eod 04/15/97 [LMW] (Entered: 04/15/1997)

RECAP
32 April 16, 1997

ORDER GRANTS defts second motion for time to file Reply Brief in support of Motion for Partial S/J on the Pleadings to 4/21/97 cm LJM eod 04/16/97 [MAC] (Entered: 04/16/1997)

RECAP
33 April 21, 1997

MOTION FOR TIME TO file reply brief in support of motion for partial judgment on the pleadings and answer to pltfs' Amended Complaint (THIRD MOTION) cs DEFTS eod 04/22/97 [LMW] (Entered: 04/22/1997)

RECAP
34 April 23, 1997

ORDER that defts are granted to and until 4/28/97 to file their reply brief in support of Motion for partial s/j on the pleadings and answer to pltfs' amended complaint. LJM c/m eod 04/23/97 [PLP] (Entered: 04/23/1997)

RECAP
35 April 28, 1997

MOTION FOR TIME TO answer amended complaint (Fourth motion) c/s DEFTS eod 04/30/97 [SWM] (Entered: 04/30/1997)

RECAP
36 May 1, 1997

ORDER grants the defts time to answer amended complaint to and including 05/05/97. cm LJM eod 05/01/97 [DLD] (Entered: 05/01/1997)

RECAP
37 May 5, 1997

MOTION FOR TIME TO file Reply Brief in support of Motion for Partial Judgment on the Pleadings and to Answer pltfs' Amended Complaint c/s - DEFTS eod 05/06/97 [MAC] (Entered: 05/06/1997)

RECAP
38 May 6, 1997

ORDER GRANTS defts final motion for time to file Reply Brief in support of Motion for Partial S/J and Answer to pltf's Amended Complaint to 5/8/97 cm LJM eod 05/06/97 [MAC] (Entered: 05/06/1997)

RECAP
39 May 13, 1997

REPLY BRIEF IN SUPPORT of their motion for partial judgment on the pleadings. cs DEFTS eod 05/13/97 [DLD] (Entered: 05/13/1997)

RECAP
40 May 13, 1997

ANSWER TO PLTF'S AMENDED CLASS ACTION COMPLAINT for injunctive and declaratory relief and individual case for damages. cs ALL DEFTS eod 05/13/97 [DLD] (Entered: 05/13/1997)

RECAP
41 June 18, 1997

MOTION FOR PROTECTIVE ORDER (Verified motion) c/s DEFTS eod 06/19/97 [SWM] (Entered: 06/19/1997)

RECAP
42 June 24, 1997

OBV 43 PG 659 eod 06/25/97 [DLD] (Entered: 06/25/1997)

RECAP
43 June 24, 1997

OBV 43 PG 660 eod 06/25/97 [DLD] (Entered: 06/25/1997)

RECAP
44 June 27, 1997

MOTION FOR TIME TO RESPOND TO Pltfs' Request for Production of Documents cs/DEFTS eod 06/27/97 [SJD] (Entered: 06/27/1997)

RECAP
45 June 27, 1997

MOTION FOR TIME TO RESPOND TO Pltfs' Amended Motion for Class Certification cs/DEFTS eod 06/27/97 [SJD] (Entered: 06/27/1997)

RECAP
46 July 2, 1997

ORDER GRANTS motion for time to respond to pltfs' request for production of documents - ext to and including 7/27/97 DEFTS c/m sdw VSS eod 07/03/97 [SWM] (Entered: 07/03/1997)

RECAP
47 July 2, 1997

ORDER GRANTS motion for time to respond to pltfs' amended motion for class certification - ext to and including 7/21/97 DEFTS c/m sdw VSS eod 07/03/97 [SWM] (Entered: 07/03/1997)

RECAP
48 July 21, 1997

MOTION FOR TIME TO respond to pltfs' Amended Motion for Class Certification c/s - DEFTS eod 07/21/97 [MAC] (Entered: 07/21/1997)

RECAP
49 July 29, 1997

ORDER GRANTS DEFTS' second mot for time to respond to PLTFS' Amended mot for class certification to 8/1/97 c/m LJM eod 07/29/97 [GRN] (Entered: 07/29/1997)

RECAP
50 Aug. 1, 1997

MOTION FOR TIME TO respond to pltfs' amended motion for class certification c/s DEFTS eod 08/01/97 [SWM] (Entered: 08/01/1997)

RECAP
51 Aug. 5, 1997

MOTION FOR TIME TO respond to pltfs' amended motion for class certification. cs ALL DEFTS eod 08/05/97 [DLD] (Entered: 08/05/1997)

RECAP
52 Aug. 7, 1997

MEMORANDUM in opposition to pltfs' motion for class certification c/s DEFTS eod 08/08/97 [SWM] (Entered: 08/08/1997)

RECAP
53 Aug. 12, 1997

ORDER grants the defts time file a motion for time in which to respond to pltfs' amended motion for class certification to and including August 5, 1997. cm LJM eod 08/12/97 [DLD] (Entered: 08/12/1997)

RECAP
54 Aug. 12, 1997

ORDER grants the defts time to file a response to pltfs' amended motion for class certification to and including 08/07/97. cm LJM eod 08/12/97 [DLD] (Entered: 08/12/1997)

RECAP
55 Aug. 12, 1997

MOTION FOR TIME TO file reply memorandum in support of Motion for Class Certification. c PLTF eod 08/13/97 [DLD] (Entered: 08/13/1997)

RECAP
56 Aug. 12, 1997

ORDER grants the pltf time to file their reply memorandum in support of their motion for class certification to and including 09/22/97. cm LJM eod 08/13/97 [DLD] (Entered: 08/13/1997)

RECAP
57 Aug. 15, 1997

ENTRY ASSIGNS CONF to 10/27/97 at 09:00AM Room 256 (VSS) c/m sdw (Status Conference) eod 08/15/97 [SWM] (Entered: 08/15/1997)

RECAP
58 Sept. 8, 1997

RESPONSE to subpoena duces tecum and request for production c/s JOE PENCE, President of One Call Communications Inc eod 09/09/97 [SWM] (Entered: 09/09/1997)

RECAP
59 Sept. 18, 1997

MOTION FOR TIME TO file a reply memorandum in support of motion for class certification. cs PLTF eod 09/19/97 [DLD] (Entered: 09/19/1997)

RECAP
60 Sept. 22, 1997

ORDER GRANTS motion for time to file reply memorandum in support of motion for class certification - ext to and including 10/6/97 PLTFS c/m sdw VSS eod 09/23/97 [SWM] (Entered: 09/23/1997)

RECAP
61 Oct. 6, 1997

REPLY MEMORANDUM in support of motion for class certification c/s PLTF David Smith eod 10/07/97 [SWM] (Entered: 10/07/1997)

RECAP
62 Oct. 15, 1997

MOTION FOR TIME TO file response to David Smith's reply memorandum in support of motion for class certification. cs DEFTS eod 10/15/97 [DLD] (Entered: 10/15/1997)

RECAP
63 Oct. 15, 1997

ORDER grants the DEFTS time to file response 14 days from the date of this order. cm LJM eod 10/15/97 [DLD] (Entered: 10/15/1997)

RECAP
64 Oct. 22, 1997

APPEARANCE of John R Maley, Stanley C Fickle and Nathan A Baker on behalf of DEFTS c/s eod 10/23/97 [SWM] (Entered: 10/23/1997)

RECAP
65 Oct. 23, 1997

AFFIDAVIT of Les Neufeld eod 10/27/97 [SWM] (Entered: 10/27/1997)

RECAP
66 Oct. 27, 1997

MOTION FOR TIME TO respond to PLTF David Smith's reply memorandum in support of motion for class certification c/s DEFTS eod 10/28/97 [SWM] (Entered: 10/28/1997)

RECAP
68 Oct. 27, 1997

ENTRY - Parties shall appear by counsel and in person and shall submit (not file) a confidential statement to the Mag Judge setting forth their respective settlement positions on or before 12/8/97 c/m sdw VSS eod 10/31/97 [SWM] (Entered: 10/31/1997)

RECAP
67 Oct. 30, 1997

ORDER grants the defts time to respond to and including 11/23/97. cm LJM eod 10/30/97 [DLD] (Entered: 10/30/1997)

RECAP
69 Dec. 2, 1997

MOTION FOR TIME TO file reply brief in opposition to pltfs' amended motion for class certification c/s DEFTS eod 12/02/97 [SWM] (Entered: 12/02/1997)

RECAP
70 Dec. 5, 1997

ORDER grants the defts time to file reply brief in opposition to pltfs' amended motion for class certification to and including to and including 12/27/97. cm LJM eod 12/05/97 [DLD] (Entered: 12/05/1997)

RECAP
71 Dec. 10, 1997

ENTRY - Settlement conference held and continued to provide the parties with the opportunity to consider a proposed settlement c/m sdw VSS eod 12/12/97 [SWM] (Entered: 12/12/1997)

RECAP
72 Jan. 27, 1998

MOTION for settlement conference with Mag Judge c/s PLTFS eod 01/28/98 [SWM] (Entered: 01/28/1998)

RECAP
73 Jan. 29, 1998

ORDER ASSIGNS CONF to 02/10/98 at 12:00PM Room 256 (VSS) c/m sdw (Status conference) eod 01/29/98 [SWM] (Entered: 01/29/1998)

RECAP
74 Feb. 6, 1998

ENTRY REASSIGNS CONF to 02/10/98 at 10:00AM Room 256 (VSS) c/m sdw (Status Conference) eod 02/06/98 [SWM] (Entered: 02/06/1998)

RECAP
75 Feb. 10, 1998

ENTRY - Status conference held and concluded w/o further order c/m sdw VSS eod 02/12/98 [SWM] (Entered: 02/12/1998)

RECAP
76 April 17, 1998

STIPULATION of the parties to settle all issues after approval by the class/stipulation to class certification/stipulation and notice to the class - PARTIES eod 04/17/98 [SWM] (Entered: 04/17/1998)

RECAP
77 April 21, 1998

ORDER certifying cause as a class action and approving notice to the class. (SO) cm LJM eod 04/21/98 [DLD] (Entered: 04/21/1998)

RECAP
78 June 29, 1998

MOTION TO ASSESS Liquidated Damages cs/PLTFS eod 06/30/98 [SJD] (Entered: 06/30/1998)

RECAP
79 June 29, 1998

MOTION TO ALLOW Pleading to be Filed Under Seal cs/PLTFS eod 06/30/98 [SJD] (Entered: 06/30/1998)

RECAP
80 June 30, 1998

ORDER - Pltfs' Motion to Assess Liquidated Damages is sealed until further order of the Court. Pleading docketed under docket #78 is hereby SEALED. cm/LJM eod 06/30/98 [SJD] (Entered: 06/30/1998)

RECAP
81 July 17, 1998

APPEARANCE of Susan M. Zoeller on behalf of the DEFTS. cs eod 07/17/98 [DLD] (Entered: 07/17/1998)

RECAP
82 July 17, 1998

MOTION FOR TIME TO respond to motion for liquidated damages. cs DEFTS eod 07/17/98 [DLD] (Entered: 07/17/1998)

RECAP
83 July 21, 1998

ORDER grants the defts time to respond to motion for liquidated damages to August 17, 1998. cm LJM eod 07/21/98 [DLD] (Entered: 07/21/1998)

RECAP
84 July 31, 1998

Motion to Approve Stipulation of the Parties following notice to the class. cs PLTF eod 07/31/98 [DLD] (Entered: 07/31/1998)

RECAP
85 Aug. 3, 1998

ORDER APPROVES Parties' Stipulation to settle all issues - cm LJM eod 08/04/98 [AP] (Entered: 08/04/1998)

RECAP
86 Aug. 17, 1998

RESPONSE to pltfs' motion for liquidated damages. cs DEFT eod 08/17/98 [DLD] (Entered: 08/17/1998)

RECAP
87 Aug. 27, 1998

MOTION FOR TIME TO reply to defts' response to pltfs' motion to assess liquidated damages cs PLTFS eod 08/27/98 [LMW] (Entered: 08/27/1998)

RECAP
88 Aug. 28, 1998

ORDER - GRANTS pltfs to and including 9/20/98 to submit reply to defts' response to plts' motion to assess liquidated damages cm/LJM eod 08/28/98 [SJD] (Entered: 08/28/1998)

RECAP
89 Sept. 21, 1998

RESPONSE to deft's resonse to pltfs' motion to assess liquidated damages. cs PLTFS eod 09/22/98 [DLD] (Entered: 09/22/1998)

RECAP
90 Sept. 21, 1998

MOTION to Conduct attorney conference. cs PLTFS eod 09/22/98 [DLD] (Entered: 09/22/1998)

RECAP
91 Sept. 22, 1998

ORDER ASSIGNS CONF to 10/08/98 at 10:00AM Room 204 (LJM) c/m Re: Attorney Conference eod 09/22/98 [DLD] (Entered: 09/22/1998)

RECAP
92 Sept. 28, 1998

MOTION FOR CONT OF SCHEDULED Attorney Conference. cs PLTFS eod 09/28/98 [DLD] (Entered: 09/28/1998)

RECAP
93 Oct. 6, 1998

ORDER REASSIGNS CONF to 10/20/98 at 08:30AM Room 202 (LJM) c/m Re: Attorney Conference eod 10/06/98 [DLD] (Entered: 10/06/1998)

RECAP
94 Oct. 20, 1998

ENTRY - Attorney conference held. cm LJM eod 10/20/98 [DLD] (Entered: 10/20/1998)

RECAP
95 Feb. 23, 1999

NOTICE OF FILING of confidential settlement agreement and request that it be sealed c/s PLTFS eod 02/23/99 [SWM] (Entered: 02/23/1999)

RECAP
98 Feb. 23, 1999

NOTICE to Court concerning liquidated damages issue and request to enter liquidated damages amount of $20, 000.00. cs PLTFS eod 04/06/99 [DLD] (Entered: 04/06/1999)

RECAP
96 Feb. 24, 1999

ORDER grants the motion to file settlement agreement under seal. cm LJM eod 02/24/99 [DLD] (Entered: 02/24/1999)

RECAP
97 March 2, 1999

RESPONSE to pltfs' notice to Court concerning liquidated damages issues c/s DEFT City of Carmel eod 03/02/99 [SWM] (Entered: 03/02/1999)

RECAP
99 April 6, 1999

CLOSED Dismissed Settled (SO) cm LJM eod 04/06/99 [DLD] (Entered: 04/06/1999)

RECAP

Case Details

State / Territory:

Indiana

Case Type(s):

Policing

Special Collection(s):

Traffic Stop Litigation

Key Dates

Filing Date: Jan. 23, 1997

Closing Date: 2001

Case Ongoing: No

Plaintiffs

Plaintiff Description:

All minority individuals, young persons or persons driving vehicles which do not bear Hamilton County license plates, and who have been, are being, or will be stopped or subject to being stopped without lawful cause by the Carmel Police Department.

Public Interest Lawyer: Yes

Filed Pro Se: No

Class Action Sought: Yes

Class Action Outcome: Granted

Defendants

City

Carmel Police Department

Case Details

Causes of Action:

42 U.S.C. § 1983

Constitutional Clause(s):

Equal Protection

Right to travel

Other Dockets:

Southern District of Indiana 1:97-cv-00104

Available Documents:

Complaint (any)

Trial Court Docket

Outcome

Prevailing Party: Plaintiff OR Mixed

Relief Granted:

Injunction / Injunctive-like Settlement

Source of Relief:

Settlement

Form of Settlement:

Court Approved Settlement or Consent Decree

Order Duration: 1998 - 2001

Issues

General/Misc.:

Racial profiling

Discrimination Basis:

Race discrimination

Policing:

Traffic Stops

Recommended Citation