Filed Date: July 8, 2015
Closed Date: Aug. 22, 2019
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On July 8, 2015, 12 registered Democratic voters in Wisconsin filed this lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin. The plaintiffs sued the Wisconsin Government Accountability Board under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1988, claiming violations of their First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. Represented by the Chicago Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law and by private counsel, the plaintiffs sought a declaration that the districting plan created by Wisconsin Act 43 was unconstitutional, an injunction prohibiting state and local elections officials from using the districting plan in any election. They requested that if the Legislature and Governor did not pass a constitutional districting plan in a timely manner, that the court create a plan that would meet the requirements of the United States and Wisconsin Constitutions. The case was assigned to Judge Barbara B. Crabb. Because 28 U.S.C. § 2284 requires that federal court challenges to state legislative apportionment be heard before a three-judge panel, Judge Crabb was joined by Judge Kenneth F. Ripple of the Seventh Circuit, and Judge William Griesbach of the Eastern District of Wisconsin.
The plaintiffs alleged that the 2012 districting plan, created by Wisconsin Act 43, created partisan gerrymandered districts for the purpose of helping the Republican Party win a majority of seats in the State Assembly. Although Republican candidates received less than 49% of votes in the next election, they won nearly 61% of seats in the Legislature. The plaintiffs further alleged that the Republican leadership in the Legislature had created the districting plan in complete secrecy: they created the plan away from the State Capital, they allowed only Republican legislators to participate in the process, and they required all legislators who participated to sign secrecy agreements. Until the plan was presented to the entire Legislature and quickly passed into law, the only members of the Legislature who were aware of its contents were Republican legislators and the private counsel who had been contracted (paid by State funds) to create the plan.
On July 8, 2015, the plaintiffs sought an order enjoining the implementation of the gerrymandered districts for the 2016 election. The defendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint was denied by the three-judge panel on December 17, 2015. The panel found that although the plaintiffs faced “significant challenges in prevailing on their claims,” the complaint was nonetheless sufficient to state a claim and that under the Supreme Court’s precedent in Davis v. Bandemer, the claim was justiciable. 151 F.Supp.3d 918.
The defendants later filed a motion for summary judgment, which the panel denied on April 7, 2016, because there were “factual disputes regarding the validity of plaintiffs’ proposed measurement for determining the existence of constitutional violation.” 180 F.Supp.3d 583.
On November 21, 2016, in a 116-page 2-1 decision, the panel held that Wisconsin Act 43 was unconstitutional. It found that Act 43 was passed with an intent to dilute the electoral strength of Democractic voters, and that it had achieved its intended discriminatory effect, unexplained by any geographical or other rational consideration. Under the plan, it would be difficult for Democratic voters “to translate their votes into legislative seats”; the plan ensured a Republican majority in the Assembly (the lower house of the Wisconsin Legislature). Judge Griesbach dissented, disagreeing that proof of intent to act for a political purpose was a significant part of any gerrymandering test; similarly, he disagreed that the plaintiffs’ proposed “efficiency gap” concept was a judicially manageable standard. 218 F.Supp.3d 837.
In its November 2016 ruling, the court deferred ruling on an appropriate remedy and asked parties to brief the issue. After the parties submitted their briefs, the court ordered the following remedial plan on January 27, 2017: the court ordered the Legislature to enact a new redistricting map that the Governor would be charged with approving by November 1, 2017. It found that contrary to the plaintiffs’ request, it was unnecessary for the court to involve itself in creating a districting map. Further, in anticipation of the defendants’ appeal to the Supreme Court, the court found that the proposed remedy afforded “the Legislature ample time to enact a plan contingent on the Supreme Court’s affirmance of our judgment. While it allows the defendants and the candidates to make plans for the November 2018 election only on a contingent basis, at least they will be able to prepare for that contingency in the context of a concrete alternate map.” The court entered judgment in favor of the plaintiffs that day and ordered the case dismissed.
On February 22, 2017, the court amended its judgment to retain jurisdiction as to the remedial plan, so that it could grant an adequate remedy in the event of legislative impasse. On February 24, 2017 the defendants appealed to the United States Supreme Court.
At issue before the Supreme Court was:
Judge Crabb withdrew without explanation on August 2, 2018, and was replaced by Judge James D. Peterson. The plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on Sept. 14, 2018. On October 4, 2018 the Wisconsin State Assembly filed a motion to intervene as defendants; the motion was granted on November 13, 2018.
Shortly after, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss and a motion to stay the case because of two ongoing partisan gerrymandering cases, Rucho v. Common Cause and Lamone v. Benisek in the Supreme Court. The motion to dismiss was denied without prejudice, but the stay was granted on January 23, 2019. The court allowed discovery to proceed, but it delayed trial and any decision on the merits until after the Supreme Court reached a decision in the two other cases.
On May 3, 2019, the district court granted a motion to compel discovery, ordering the Wisconsin State Assembly Speaker to attend a scheduled deposition. 331 F.R.D. 375. The Speaker appealed to the Seventh Circuit, which stayed the district court’s order pending resolution of the appeal.
The Court decided Lamone and Rucho on June 27, 2019, holding that legislative redistricting is a political question that is not justiciable in federal courts. This ruling made it clear that the district court in this case did not have jurisdiction to hear the Wisconsin voters’ claims; the plaintiffs therefore moved to dismiss their claims the following day, on June 28. The court dismissed the case without prejudice on July 2, 2019, awarding statutory costs to the defendants.
However, the court reversed the award of costs on August 22, also denying the defendants’ motion for attorneys’ fees. 402 F. Supp. 3d 529. Because the case was dismissed for lack of jurisdiction, and it clearly had not been a frivolous lawsuit (the court had originally ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, and the Supreme Court had allowed the litigation to proceed before later foreclosing the district court’s subject-matter jurisdiction), the court found that it would be most just for each party to bear its own costs.
The case is closed.
Summary Authors
Rachel Barr (1/27/2017)
Virginia Weeks (11/5/2017)
Abigail DeHart (3/30/2019)
Gregory Marsh (8/5/2020)
For PACER's information on parties and their attorneys, see: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4538129/parties/whitford-william-v-nichol-gerald/
Alito, Samuel A. Jr. (District of Columbia)
Breyer, Stephen Gerald (District of Columbia)
Crabb, Barbara Brandriff (Wisconsin)
Crocker, Stephen L. (Wisconsin)
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader (District of Columbia)
Gorsuch, Neil M. (Colorado)
Griesbach, William C. (Wisconsin)
Kagan, Elena (District of Columbia)
Kennedy, Anthony McLeod (District of Columbia)
Peterson, James Donald (Wisconsin)
Alito, Samuel A. Jr. (District of Columbia)
Breyer, Stephen Gerald (District of Columbia)
Crabb, Barbara Brandriff (Wisconsin)
Crocker, Stephen L. (Wisconsin)
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader (District of Columbia)
Gorsuch, Neil M. (Colorado)
Griesbach, William C. (Wisconsin)
Kagan, Elena (District of Columbia)
Kennedy, Anthony McLeod (District of Columbia)
Peterson, James Donald (Wisconsin)
Ripple, Kenneth Francis (Indiana)
Roberts, John Glover Jr. (District of Columbia)
Sotomayor, Sonia (District of Columbia)
Amunson, Jessica Ring (District of Columbia)
Earle, Peter (Wisconsin)
Gaber, Mark P. (District of Columbia)
Greenwood, Ruth Merewyn (Illinois)
Harless, Annabelle Elizabeth (Illinois)
Hebert, J. Gerald (District of Columbia)
Lang, Danielle (District of Columbia)
Odorizzi, Michelle L. (Illinois)
Pines, Lester A. (Wisconsin)
Poland, Douglas Maynard (Wisconsin)
Smith, Paul M. (District of Columbia)
Stephanopoulos, Nicholas Odysseas (Illinois)
Strauss, Paul Leonard (Illinois)
Berg, Luke N. (Wisconsin)
Kawski, Clayton P. (Wisconsin)
Keckhaver, Karla Z. (Wisconsin)
Keenan, Brian P. (Wisconsin)
Leroy, Kevin M. (Wisconsin)
Russomanno, Anthony David (Wisconsin)
Schimel, Brad D. (Wisconsin)
Tseytlin, Misha (Wisconsin)
Walsh, Ryan J. (Wisconsin)
Ackerman, Joshua (Illinois)
Adams, J. Christian (Indiana)
Aden, Leah C. (New York)
Adickman, Cary E. (District of Columbia)
Apter, Rachel Wainer (New York)
Atkins, Robert A. (New York)
Balderas, Hector (New Mexico)
Barlow, KeAndra (California)
Bayes, J. Michael (Virginia)
Becerra, Xavier (California)
Benish, Kevin D. (New York)
Beshear, Andy (Kentucky)
Boehm, Theodore R. (Indiana)
Bondurant, Emmet J. II (Georgia)
Bondy, Thomas M. (District of Columbia)
Bonelli, Alison (New York)
Boyle, David C. (California)
Braden, E. Mark (District of Columbia)
Brnovich, Mark (Arizona)
Bromberg, Daniel Howard (California)
Burke, Lauren M. (District of Columbia)
Burnett, Tracy A. (New York)
Busath, Lynn E. (New York)
Cahoy, Kathryn E. (California)
Casazza, David W. (District of Columbia)
Cedarbaum, Jonathan (District of Columbia)
Chin, Andrew (North Carolina)
Clarke, Kristen M. (District of Columbia)
Clement, Paul D. (District of Columbia)
Colasurdo, Conor (New York)
Cole, David (District of Columbia)
Corning, Jordan C. (Wisconsin)
Cox, Douglas R. (District of Columbia)
Crawford, Susan M. (Wisconsin)
Custer, William V (Georgia)
Davidson, Nestor M. (New York)
Dempsey, Jennifer Burch (Georgia)
Denn, Matthew P. (Delaware)
Diedrich, Joseph S. (Wisconsin)
Diller, Paul A. (Oregon)
Diskant, Gregory L. (New York)
Dodge, Christopher D. (Massachusetts)
Donovan, Thomas J. Jr. (Vermont)
Dorris, Daniel V. (District of Columbia)
Dorsen, Norman (New York)
Dubinsky, Gregory (New York)
Dupuis, Laurence J. (Wisconsin)
Elmendorf, Christopher S. (California)
Esenberg, Richard M. (Wisconsin)
Fedeli, Christopher Alan (District of Columbia)
Feinberg, Ira M. (New York)
Ferguson, Brent (New York)
Fierro, Brandon (New Jersey)
Fisher, Jeffrey L. (California)
Fliegel, Benjamin R. (California)
Flint, Tacy F. (Illinois)
Frederick, Matthew Hamilton (Texas)
Fried, Charles (Massachusetts)
Galli, Erin K. (Oregon)
Gallup, Taryn (New York)
Gans, David H. (District of Columbia)
Gants, Brendan B. (District of Columbia)
Garcia, Bradley N. (District of Columbia)
Garden-Monheit, Hannah (New York)
Gerken, Heather K. (Connecticut)
Gerrald, Jacqueline C. (New York)
Gitomer, Madeline H. (District of Columbia)
Goldberg, David T. (New York)
Goldstein, Samantha M. (District of Columbia)
Gordon, Philip M. (Virginia)
Gorod, Brianne J. (District of Columbia)
Green, Jeffrey T. (District of Columbia)
Greenbaum, Jon M. (District of Columbia)
Greytak, Scott (Massachusetts)
Grinsell, Timothy W. (New York)
Groombridge, Nicholas (New York)
Grossman, Perry M. (New York)
Gutman, Benjamin N. (Oregon)
Harris, Matthew B. (Indiana)
Hartnett, Kathleen R. (District of Columbia)
Hawley, Joshua D. (District of Columbia)
Healey, Maura T. (Massachusetts)
Heath, John Hammond (New York)
Hermann, Kimberly S. (Georgia)
Hill, Curtis T. Jr. (Indiana)
Hirsch, Jason D. (New York)
Ho, Dale E. (New York)
Houk, Julie (District of Columbia)
Hughes, Paul W. (District of Columbia)
Hunter, Mike (Oklahoma)
Huppert, Matthew R. (District of Columbia)
Hyman, Steven J. (New York)
Ifill, Sherrilyn (New York)
Issacharoff, Samuel (District of Columbia)
Jepson, George (Connecticut)
Josefiak, Thomas J. (Virginia)
Justman, Jeffrey P. (Minnesota)
Karlan, Pamela S. (California)
Karras, Amanda Kellar (Maryland)
Keller, Scott A. (Texas)
Kendrick, Hunter J. (District of Columbia)
Kilmartin, Peter F. (Rhode Island)
Kimberly, Michael B. (District of Columbia)
Knobler, Jonah M. (New York)
Kolb, Daniel F. (New York)
Kraner, Natalie Janet (New Jersey)
Landry, Jeff (Louisiana)
Laxalt, Adam Paul (Nevada)
Lee, Eric W. (District of Columbia)
Leit, David (New Jersey)
Leonard, Lloyd (District of Columbia)
Levitt, Justin (California)
Levy, Vincent (New York)
Lewis, David L. (New York)
Li, Michael C. (New York)
Lieberman, Michael D. (District of Columbia)
Lindemuth, Jahna (Alaska)
Lipshutz, Brian M. (District of Columbia)
Madigan, Lisa (Illinois)
Mappes, Harmony A. (Indiana)
Marisco, Jason G. (Illinois)
Mateer, Jeffrey C. (Texas)
Maukonen, Jona J. (Oregon)
McKnight, Katherine L. (District of Columbia)
McLeod, Eric M. (Wisconsin)
Meehan, Taylor A. R. (Illinois)
Metlitsky, Anton (New York)
Miller, Thomas J. (Iowa)
Mills, Janet T. (Maine)
Monson, Kristofer S. (Texas)
Morley, Michael T. (New Jersey)
Mortara, Adam K. (Illinois)
Mosier, Mark William (District of Columbia)
Mowery, Ryan (District of Columbia)
Murphy, Erin E. (District of Columbia)
Nakamura, Brent K. (California)
Nelson, Janai S. (New York)
Neuborne, Burt (New York)
Noller, Matthew (New York)
O'Brien, David (Maryland)
Oldham, Dalton L. (District of Columbia)
O'Sullivan, Kathleen M. (Washington)
Park, John J. Jr. (Georgia)
Paslawsky, Alexandra (New York)
Paxton, Ken (Texas)
Pernick, Michael (New York)
Perry, Daniel M. (New York)
Phillippe, John R. Jr. (District of Columbia)
Phillips, Kaylan L. (Indiana)
Pildes, Richard H. (New York)
Pope, Dulany Lucetta (Indiana)
Popper, Robert D. (District of Columbia)
Powers, John (District of Columbia)
Racine, Karl A. (Maryland)
Raile, Richard B. (District of Columbia)
Rave, Donald Theodore III (Texas)
Raymer, Matthew (District of Columbia)
Reich, Elena Steiger (New York)
Reniche-Smith, Cecil (Oregon)
Reyes, Sean D. (Utah)
Rosenberg, Ezra David (New Jersey)
Rosenblit, Avi Daniel (District of Columbia)
Rosenblum, Ellen F. (Oregon)
Rosenkranz, E. Joshua (New York)
Rotker, Karyn (Wisconsin)
Russell, Kevin K. (District of Columbia)
Rutledge, Leslie (Arkansas)
Ryder, John L. (Tennessee)
Salinas, Alejandra C. (Texas)
Sash, Alan Edward (New York)
Savitzky, Ari J. (District of Columbia)
Saxe, Steven P. (Virginia)
Schmidt, Derek (Kansas)
Schneiderman, Eric T. (New York)
Schuette, Bill (Michigan)
Schulhofer, Stephen J. (New York)
Sheehy, Shawn Toomey (Virginia)
Signoracci, Pietro J. (New York)
Silk, Jordan R. (Oregon)
Simon, Stephanie N. (New York)
Sloan, Clifford M (New York)
Speas, Edwin M. Jr. (North Carolina)
Spencer, Andrew (Maryland)
Spital, Samuel (New York)
St. John, Kevin (Wisconsin)
Stoopler, David (District of Columbia)
Sutherland, Brian A. (California)
Swanson, Lori (Minnesota)
Tayrani, Amir Cameron (District of Columbia)
Thomas, T. Alora (New York)
Thompson, Charles Wellington Jr. (Maryland)
Tippett, Elizabeth A. (New York)
Torchinsky, Jason Brett (Virginia)
Varela, Pablo Adrian (Tennessee)
Vogel, Holtzman (Virginia)
Wang, Cecillia D (California)
Waxman, Seth (District of Columbia)
Webley, Alec (District of Columbia)
Weiner, Eric (New Jersey)
Weiser, Wendy R. (New York)
Welsh, Diane M. (Pennsylvania)
Whitlow Knight, Linda Carver (Tennessee)
Wilson, Alan (South Carolina)
Winkelman, P. Christopher (District of Columbia)
Witherby, H. Reed (Massachusetts)
Wolf, Thomas P. (New York)
Wydra, Elizabeth B. (District of Columbia)
Yanez, Juliana (Indiana)
Yeager, Joseph H. Jr. (Indiana)
Chen, Jowei (Michigan)
Mayer, Kenneth R. (Wisconsin)
See docket on RECAP: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4538129/whitford-william-v-nichol-gerald/
Last updated June 4, 2023, 3:06 a.m.
State / Territory: Wisconsin
Case Type(s):
Special Collection(s):
Key Dates
Filing Date: July 8, 2015
Closing Date: Aug. 22, 2019
Case Ongoing: No
Plaintiffs
Plaintiff Description:
Registered Democratic voters in Wisconsin
Plaintiff Type(s):
Attorney Organizations:
Lawyers Comm. for Civil Rights Under Law
Public Interest Lawyer: Yes
Filed Pro Se: No
Class Action Sought: No
Class Action Outcome: Not sought
Defendants
Wisconsin Government Accountability Board, State
Defendant Type(s):
Case Details
Causes of Action:
Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201
Constitutional Clause(s):
Available Documents:
Outcome
Prevailing Party: Defendant
Nature of Relief:
Source of Relief:
Issues
General:
Voting: