Filed Date: 1964
Case Ongoing
Clearinghouse coding complete
Background
For several years after the Supreme Court decided Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), school districts in Louisiana made little progress towards desegregation. But by the late 1960s, aggressive efforts were underway in federal courts in the state to challenge segregated public school systems. There was little uniformity in outcomes or remedies, but plaintiffs remained dissatisfied with the slow pace of progress. To increase uniformity and effectiveness, the Fifth Circuit consolidated forty-four appeals of desegregation orders in Adams v. Mathews. In Adams, the Fifth Circuit clarified that desegregation plans must convert segregated, dual school systems into desegregated, unitary school systems and “realistically . . . work now.” Adams v. Mathews, 403 F.2d 181 (5th Cir. 1968). This entry details what happened in a collection of about thirty of those cases on remand to a three-judge district court that (later joined again by the Fifth Circuit) tried to figure out what sort of school desegregation plans pass constitutional muster.
Consolidated Cases
The consolidated cases were heard on remand by a three-judge panel composed of District Judges Benjamin C. Dawkins, Jr., Richard J. Putnam, and Edwin F. Hunter, Jr. On November 14, 1968, the panel held in Conley v. Lake Charles School Board that freedom of choice plans, which allowed students to choose whether to attend a traditionally white school or a traditionally black school, were sufficient to convert the school districts from a segregated, or dual, system to a desegregated, or unitary, system. 293 F. Supp. 84 (W.D. La. 1968).
The Fifth Circuit reversed this judgment in Hall v. St. Helena Parish School Board. On May 28, 1969, the Circuit Court (Chief Judge John R. Brown, Circuit Judge John Cooper Godbold, and District Judge Ted Cabot) held that freedom of choice plans were insufficient to convert the school districts from dual to unitary systems. The court noted that under the freedom of choice plans, many school districts still had all-black schools, and of the school districts that had black students attending formerly all-white schools, few had more than ten percent black students. The court ordered each school district to submit a desegregation plan to the district court in alignment with the Circuit Court's decision. 417 F.2d 801 (5th Cir. 1969).
On June 5, the same Western District of Louisiana panel issued an order requiring the schools to submit a uniform desegregation plan. The district court also reiterated its earlier statement that "we think freedom of choice is the best plan available." The district court further ordered that the school districts and the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) work together to create plans to integrate the schools. 303 F. Supp. 394 (W.D. La. 1969).
The case was then appealed again. In Johnson v. Jackson Parish School Board, the Fifth Circuit repudiated freedom of choice plans. It held that the "approved plans proposed by the school boards . . . do not establish racially unitary school systems," and reiterated that "school districts may no longer operate a dual school system based on race or color[.] . . . [They] must begin immediately to operate as unitary school systems within which no person is to be effectively excluded from any school because of race or color." The Fifth Circuit remanded many of these cases to the district courts to approve plans that were sufficient to achieve unitary status and consistent with both Fifth Circuit and Supreme Court school desegregation decisions. 420 F.2d 692 (5th Cir. 1969).
Individual Desegregation Plans
At this point, the various consolidated cases began to drift apart. In many cases, district judges ordered students to be assigned to schools nearest their homes and permitted majority to minority transfer programs. These programs allowed students to transfer from their assigned schools where they were in a majority racial group to any school where they were in a minority racial group. Conley v. Lake Charles Sch. Bd., 314 F. Supp. 1282 (W.D. La. 1970).
One tactic localities used against integration was to assign students to different classes based on race within putatively integrated schools. In response, the Fifth Circuit held that school districts had to eliminate all segregated classes within their schools. Johnson v. Jackson Parish Sch. Bd., 423 F.2d 1055 (5th Cir. 1970).
There are many other examples of decisions implementing the Fifth Circuit’s directives in Johnson. See, e.g., Lemon v. Bossier Parish Sch. Bd., 421 F.2d 121 (5th Cir. 1969) (per curiam); Williams v. Kimbrough, 421 F.2d 1351 (5th Cir. 1969) (per curiam); United States v. E. Carroll Parish Sch. Bd., 425 F.2d 230 (5th Cir. 1969) (per curiam); Jones v. Caddo Parish Sch. Bd., 421 F.2d 313 (5th Cir. 1970) (per curiam); Gordon v. Jefferson Davis Parish Sch. Bd., 315 F. Supp. 901 (W.D. La. 1970).
Implementation
Throughout the 1970s, the Fifth Circuit continued to approve and amend school desegregation plans to ensure that the plans were constitutionally compliant. See, e.g., Conley v. Lake Charles Sch. Bd., 434 F.2d 35 (5th Cir. 1970). The district court also evaluated the constitutionality of various school districts' actions, such as closing formerly all black schools because school district officials believed that white students would refuse to attend such schools. See, e.g., Gordon v. Jefferson Davis Parish Sch. Bd., 330 F. Supp. 1119 (W.D. La. 1971).
Many of the school districts in these consolidated cases remained under court-enforced desegregation orders and submitted progress reports to the court throughout the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. Some school districts remain under desegregation orders. Others have been declared unitary and are no longer under permanent injunctions. Compare Williams v. Kimbrough, 2010 WL 1790516 (W.D. La. May 3, 2010) (declaring district unitary), with Hall v. St. Helena Parish Sch. Bd., 2013 WL 3994778 (M.D. La. Aug. 1, 2013) (denying motion by school district to restructure its fourth grade classes).
Available Opinions
This list includes both opinions that were issued during the consolidated phase of the case, and also opinions issued later. The most important opinions for the consolidated phase are indicated by an asterisk.
United States v. Bossier Parish Sch. Bd., 220 F. Supp. 243 (W.D. La. 1963).
Trahan v. Lafayette Parish Sch. Bd., 244 F. Supp. 583 (W.D. La. 1965).
Henderson v. Iberia Parish Sch. Bd., 245 F. Supp. 419 (W.D. La. 1965).
Thomas v. St. Martin Parish Sch. Bd., 245 F. Supp. 601 (W.D. La. 1965).
United States v. Jefferson Cty. Bd. of Educ., 372 F.2d 836 (5th Cir. 1966).
*Adams v. Mathews, 403 F.2d 181 (5th Cir. 1968).
*Conley v. Lake Charles Sch. Bd., 293 F. Supp. 84 (W.D. La. 1968) (en banc).
Williams v. Kimbrough, 295 F. Supp. 578 (W.D. La. 1969).
Cleveland v. Union Parish Sch. Bd., 406 F.2d 1331 (5th Cir. 1969).
*Hall v. St. Helena Parish Sch. Bd., 417 F.2d 801 (5th Cir. 1969).
Singleton v. Jackson Mun. Separate Sch. Dist., 419 F.2d 1211 (5th Cir. 1969).
*Conley v. Lake Charles Sch. Bd., 303 F. Supp. 394 (W.D. La. 1969) (per curiam).
*Johnson v. Jackson Parish Sch. Bd., 420 F.2d 692 (5th Cir. 1969) (per curiam).
Lemon v. Bossier Parish Sch. Bd., 421 F.2d 121 (5th Cir. 1969) (per curiam).
Williams v. Kimbrough, 421 F.2d 1351 (5th Cir. 1969) (per curiam).
United States v. E. Carroll Parish Sch. Bd., 425 F.2d 230 (5th Cir. 1969) (per curiam).
Jones v. Caddo Parish Sch. Bd., 421 F.2d 313 (5th Cir. 1970) (per curiam).
Carter v. West Feliciana Parish Sch. Bd., 396 U.S. 290 (1970) (per curiam).
Robertson v. Natchitoches Parish Sch. Bd., 431 F.2d 1111 (5th Cir. 1970).
*Conley v. Lake Charles Sch. Bd., 314 F. Supp. 1282 (W.D. La. 1970).
Gordon v. Jefferson Davis Parish Sch. Bd., 315 F. Supp. 901 (W.D. La. 1970).
*Johnson v. Jackson Parish Sch. Bd., 423 F.2d 1055 (5th Cir. 1970).
Taylor v. Ouachita Parish Sch. Bd., 424 F.2d 324 (5th Cir. 1970).
Banks v. Claiborne Parish Sch. Bd., 425 F. 2d 1040 (5th Cir. 1970).
Robertson v. Natchitoches Parish Sch. Bd., 431 F.2d 1111 (5th Cir. 1970).
Conley v. Lake Charles Sch. Bd., 434 F.2d 35 (5th Cir. 1970).
Smith v. Concordia Parish Sch. Bd., 445 F.2d 285 (5th Cir. 1971).
Smith v. Concordia Parish Sch. Bd., 331 F. Supp. 330 (W.D. La. 1971).
Gordon v. Jefferson Davis Parish Sch. Bd., 446 F.2d 266 (5th Cir. 1971).
Gordon v. Jefferson Davis Parish Sch. Bd., 330 F. Supp. 1119 (W.D. La. 1971).
Trahan v. Lafayette Parish Sch. Bd.: 330 F. Supp. 450 (W.D. La. 1971).
Gordon v. Jefferson Davis Parish Sch. Bd., 460 F.2d 1062 (5th Cir. 1972) (per curiam).
Celestain v. Vermilion Parish Sch. Bd., 364 F. Supp. 618 (W.D. La. 1972).
Valley v. Rapides Parish Sch. Bd., 499 F. Supp. 490 (W.D. La. 1980).
Valley v. Rapides Parish Sch. Bd., 646 F.2d 925 (5th Cir. 1981).
Valley v. Rapides Parish Sch. Bd., 653 F.2d 941 (5th Cir. 1981).
Valley v. Rapides Parish Sch. Bd., 702 F.2d 1221 (5th Cir. 1983).
United States v. Avoyelles Parish Sch. Bd., No. 1:65–cv–12721, 2009 WL 1505305 (W.D. La. May 28, 2009).
Williams v. Kimbrough, No. 65–11329, 2010 WL 1790516 (W.D. La. May 3, 2010).
United States v. Avoyelles Parish Sch. Bd., Civil Action No. 65–cv–12721, 2011 WL 2356977 (W.D. La. Mar. 22, 2011).
Hall v. St. Helena Parish Sch. Bd., No. 52–1068–JJB, 2013 WL 3994778 (M.D. La. Aug. 1, 2013).
United States v. Avoyelles Parish Sch. Bd., Civ. Act. No. 65–cv–12721, 2016 WL 3636698 (W.D. La. June 29, 2016).
Summary Authors
Amelia Huckins (10/2/2017)
Maddie McFee (11/21/2019)
Jones v. Caddo Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1965)
Graham v. Evangeline Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1965)
Johnson v. Jackson Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1965)
Andrews v. City of Monroe (La.), Western District of Louisiana (1965)
Banks v. Claiborne Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1965)
Smith v. Concordia Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1965)
United States v. Lincoln Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1966)
United States of America v. Richland Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1966)
U.S. v. Desoto Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1967)
United States of America v. Avoyelles Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1967)
United States v. Morehouse Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1969)
U.S. v. Catahoula Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1969)
Henderson v. Iberia Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1966)
Thomas v. St. Martin Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1965)
Boudreaux v. St. Mary Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1966)
Celestain v. Vermilion Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1966)
United States v. Grant Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1966)
United States v. East Carroll Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1966)
Moore v. Winn Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1966)
US v. School Board of Beinville Parish, Western District of Louisiana (1966)
Williams v. Kimbrough, Western District of Louisiana (1965)
Taylor v. Ouachita Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1966)
MONTEILH v. ST. LANDRY PARISH SCHOOL BOARD, Western District of Louisiana (1965)
CLEVELAND v. UNION PARISH SCHOOL BOARD, Western District of Louisiana (1967)
Gilbert v. Webster Parish School District, Western District of Louisiana (1965)
Lemon v. Bossier Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1965)
Trahan v. Lafayette Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1965)
Battise v. Acadia Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1966)
Valley v. Rapides Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1965)
Robertson v. Natchitoches Parish School Board, Western District of Louisiana (1966)
Ashy, D. Warren (Louisiana)
Augustine, Jonathan C. (Louisiana)
Abrams, Reginald W. (Louisiana)
Adkins, Tom (Louisiana)
Abbot, Megan G (Louisiana)
Bourgeois, Richard L. (Louisiana)
Cain, James David Jr. (Louisiana)
Dawkins, Benjamin Cornwell Jr. (Louisiana)
Doherty, Rebecca F. (Louisiana)
Doughty, Terry Alvin (Louisiana)
Foote, Elizabeth Erny (Louisiana)
Gewin, Walter Pettus (Alabama)
Godbold, John Cooper (Louisiana)
Goldberg, Irving Loeb (Louisiana)
Hicks, S. Maurice Jr. (Louisiana)
Hunter, Edwin Ford Jr. (Louisiana)
Jackson, Brian Anthony (Louisiana)
James, Robert Gillespie (Louisiana)
Lowell, Francis Cabot (Massachusetts)
Melacon, Tucker L. (Louisiana)
Minaldi, Patricia Head (Louisiana)
Putnam, Richard Johnson (Louisiana)
Scott, Nauman Steele (Louisiana)
Summerhays, Robert Rees (Louisiana)
Augustine, Jonathan C. (Louisiana)
Bronstein, Alvin J. (Mississippi)
Cage, Joseph S. Jr. (Louisiana)
Carter, Gideon T III (Louisiana)
Chachkin, Norman J. (New York)
Chambers, Julius LeVonne (New York)
Collins, Robert Frederick (Louisiana)
Cummings, Torey B. (District of Columbia)
Dallo, Amanda K. (District of Columbia)
Dangerfield, Lloyd (Louisiana)
Dann, Mark (District of Columbia)
DeCuir, Winston G Sr. (Louisiana)
Doar, John (District of Columbia)
Douglas, Nathaniel (District of Columbia)
Evans, Leticia Smith (Louisiana)
Feldkamp, Katrina Taylor (Louisiana)
Goldschmidt, Iris (District of Columbia)
Guzman, Javier M (District of Columbia)
Harris, Angel Sharrell (New York)
Joiner, Courtney Terell (Louisiana)
Jondahl, Andrew Kuffel (District of Columbia)
Kaminski, Gerald F. (District of Columbia)
Kassabian, Tamara Hardney (District of Columbia)
Katzenbach, Nicholas de B. (District of Columbia)
Kleinman, Rachel Miriam (New York)
Lin-Luse, Monique N. (New York)
Marshall, Franz (District of Columbia)
Martin, Dawn V (District of Columbia)
McCarthy, Emily H. (District of Columbia)
McClure, Brandy Lynn (Louisiana)
Michaud, Melissa Julia (District of Columbia)
Miller, Pauline A. (District of Columbia)
Mitchell, John W. (District of Columbia)
Newton, Jonathan D. (District of Columbia)
Owen, D. Robert (District of Columbia)
Phillips, Colleen Marie (Louisiana)
Pottinger, J. Stanley (District of Columbia)
Reno, Janet (District of Columbia)
Roberts, Robert P. (Louisiana)
Shaheen, Edward L. (Louisiana)
Skinner, Michael D. (Louisiana)
Smith, Jill Lossin (Louisiana)
Smith, John Wesley (Louisiana)
Smith-Evans, Leticia (New York)
Stone, Jesse N. Jr. (Louisiana)
Strickler, George Marion Jr. (Louisiana)
Taylor, Lisa M. (District of Columbia)
THATTE, ANUJA DIWAKAR (Louisiana)
Thompson, Arthur G. (Louisiana)
Turner, James P. (District of Columbia)
Verlander, David E. III (Louisiana)
Vincent, Katherine (Louisiana)
Wardenski, Joseph J (District of Columbia)
White, Marion Overton (Louisiana)
Williams, Robert C. (Louisiana)
Wilson, Ryan C (District of Columbia)
Yeh, Teresa (District of Columbia)
Abrams, Reginald W. (Louisiana)
Barrilleaux, Erin Michael (Louisiana)
Basden, Timothy W. (Louisiana)
Beck, Joseph Pershing II (Louisiana)
Blanchard, John Richard (Louisiana)
Blunt, Shelton Dennis (Louisiana)
Boudreaux, Bernard E. Jr. (Louisiana)
Brungard, Morgan Elizabeth (Louisiana)
Caldwell, James David (Louisiana)
Cassidy, Michael C. (Louisiana)
Caswell, Adam Gerard (Louisiana)
Coenen, William Robert Jr. (Louisiana)
DeCuir, Brandon James (Louisiana)
Freel, Angelique Duhon (Louisiana)
Goudeau, Morgan J. III (Louisiana)
Gremillion, Jack P.F. (Louisiana)
Guste, William J. Jr. (Louisiana)
Hammonds, Robert L. (Louisiana)
Howard, Veronica Lynn (Louisiana)
Johnston, J. Bennett Jr. (Louisiana)
Kavalir, Justin Kyle (Louisiana)
Kostelka, Robert W. (Louisiana)
Lafargue, David Edwin (Louisiana)
Langston, Beth Conrad (Louisiana)
Lato, Cherie Andries (Louisiana)
Lawrence, Leo Douglas (Louisiana)
Levy, Robert Wallace (Louisiana)
McConnell, Charles E. (Louisiana)
McFerrin, Thomas Sr. (Louisiana)
McKee, Randy George (Louisiana)
Mongrue, Roy A. Jr. (Louisiana)
Morris, Dawn Lauren (Louisiana)
Murrill, Elizabeth Baker (Louisiana)
Noah, Elmer Gray II (Louisiana)
Pucheu, J. William (Louisiana)
Reinboth, Alexander T (Louisiana)
Riddle, Charles A. III (Louisiana)
Riveria, Timothy Joseph (Louisiana)
Salter, Frank T. Jr. (Louisiana)
Sandoz, Lawrence B. Jr. (Louisiana)
Schuler, William P. (Louisiana)
Stansbury, J. Nathan (Louisiana)
Stelman, Irving Ward (Louisiana)
Subramanian, Uma M. (Louisiana)
Sutherland, Fred H. (Louisiana)
Thornhill, Jessica M.P. (Louisiana)
Tucker, Knowles M. (Louisiana)
Voelker, Frank Jr. (Louisiana)
Whitney, Katherine M. (Louisiana)
Wilton, Patricia Hill (Louisiana)
Wolleson, Patrick Scott (Louisiana)
Awad, Christopher S. (District of Columbia)
Berman, Amy I. (District of Columbia)
Breen-Portnoy, Ceala Eloise (District of Columbia)
Broussard, Daniel E. (Louisiana)
Brown, Allison R. (District of Columbia)
Bruser, Henry B. III (Louisiana)
Buchko, John P (District of Columbia)
Burson, I. Jackson (Louisiana)
Chamblee, J Michael (Louisiana)
Christenbury, Edward S. (District of Columbia)
Cohen, Frances S. (Massachusetts)
Cooper, Thomas E. Jr. (Louisiana)
Culpepper, Bobby L. (Louisiana)
Daniel, Tamica (District of Columbia)
Domingue, Lamont P. (Louisiana)
Dorris, Evanjerl (District of Columbia)
Dougherty, Salliann S. M. (District of Columbia)
Downs, Amanda M. (District of Columbia)
Flanagan, William J. (Louisiana)
Fleshman, Edwin W. (Louisiana)
Foti, Charles C. Jr. (Louisiana)
Gardner, Kelly D. (District of Columbia)
Giovingo, Wendy E.W. (Louisiana)
Hardlicks, James Carl (Louisiana)
Hawthorne, G. Trippe (Louisiana)
Huckaby, Hillary III (Louisiana)
Ieyoub, Richard P. (Louisiana)
Jeansonne, Mark A. (Louisiana)
Kathburn, J Kendall (Louisiana)
Keene, J. Ransdell (Louisiana)
Kincade, Charles L. (Louisiana)
Kreamer, Charles M. (Louisiana)
Landsberg, Brian K. (District of Columbia)
Larvadain, Malcom Xerxes (Virginia)
Maranzano, Jennifer L. (District of Columbia)
McLure, John Gutierrez (Louisiana)
Meyers, Gregg (South Carolina)
Nowlin, Matthew Louis (Louisiana)
Ollivierre, Ethel (District of Columbia)
Parham, Anne C (District of Columbia)
Patin, Charles L Jr. (Louisiana)
Pecantte-Burton, Lucretia P. (Louisiana)
Petre, Richard Joseph Jr. (Louisiana)
Powell-Lexing, Carol D. (Louisiana)
Rabalais, Rodney M. (Louisiana)
Rabinowitz, Jessica Dillon (Louisiana)
Reibman, Edward D. (District of Columbia)
Reppond, Allison Christine (Louisiana)
Rogers, Laura Kym Davis (District of Columbia)
Rosenberg, LeighAnn Michelle Smith (Louisiana)
Rountree, James A. (Louisiana)
Schwartz, Alyson R. (District of Columbia)
Scott, Louis Granderson (Louisiana)
Shadoin, Robert E. (Louisiana)
Shemwell, Robert H. (Louisiana)
Street, William M. (Louisiana)
Tayman, William Kyle (Louisiana)
Thomas, David Jeffery (Louisiana)
Wallace, Arthur M. (Louisiana)
Walter, Donald Ellsworth (Louisiana)
Washington, Donald W. (District of Columbia)
Watson, William Brooks (Louisiana)
Willard, Richard K. (District of Columbia)
Last updated March 25, 2024, 3:09 a.m.
State / Territory: Louisiana
Case Type(s):
Key Dates
Filing Date: 1964
Case Ongoing: Yes
Plaintiffs
Plaintiff Description:
Plaintiffs included both private plaintiffs and the U.S. Department of Justice.
Plaintiff Type(s):
U.S. Dept of Justice plaintiff
Attorney Organizations:
U.S. Dept. of Justice Civil Rights Division
Public Interest Lawyer: Yes
Filed Pro Se: No
Class Action Sought: Yes
Class Action Outcome: Granted
Defendants
Lake Charles School Board (Lake Charles, Calcasieu), School District
Bossier Parish School Board (Benton, Bossier), School District
Jefferson Davis Parish School Board (Jennings, Jefferson Davis), School District
Lafayette Parish School Board (Lafayette, Lafayette), School District
St. Landry Parish School Board (Opelousas, St. Landry), School District
Rapides Parish School Board (Alexandria, Rapides), School District
Evangeline Parish School Board (Ville Platte, Evangeline), School District
Natchitoches Parish School Board (Natchitoches, Natchitoches), School District
Caddo Parish School Board (Shreveport, Caddo), School District
Acadia Parish School Board (Crowley, Acadia), School District
Iberia Parish School Board (New Iberia, Iberia), School District
Jackson Parish School Board (Jonesboro, Jackson), School District
City of Monroe (Monroe, Ouachita), City
Claiborne Parish School Board (Homer, Claiborne), School District
St. Martin Parish School Board (St. Martinville, St. Martin), School District
Madison Parish School Board (Tallulah, Madison), School District
St. Mary Parish School Board (Centerville, St. Mary), School District
Webster Parish School Board (Minden, Webster), School District
Concordia Parish School Board (Vidalia, Concordia), School District
Vermilion Parish School Board (Abbeville, Vermilion), School District
Lincoln Parish School Board (Ruston, Lincoln), School District
Richland Parish School Board (Rayville, Richland), School District
Ouachita Parish School Board (Monroe, Ouachita), School District
Bienville Parish School Board (Arcadia, Bienville), School District
Grant Parish School Board (Colfax, Grant), School District
DeSoto Parish School Board (Mansfield, De Soto), School District
Avoyelles Parish School Board (Marksville, Avoyelles), School District
East Carroll Parish School Board (Lake Providence, East Carroll), School District
Winn Parish School Board (Winnfield, Winn), School District
St. Helena Parish School Board (Greensburg, St. Helena), School District
Union Parish School Board (Farmerville, Union), School District
West Carroll Parish School Board (Oak Grove, West Carroll), School District
Morehouse Parish School Board (Bastrop, Morehouse), School District
Catahoula Parish School Board (Harrisonburg, Catahoula), School District
Sabine Parish School Board (Many, Sabine), School District
Defendant Type(s):
Facility Type(s):
Case Details
Causes of Action:
Constitutional Clause(s):
Available Documents:
Injunctive (or Injunctive-like) Relief
Outcome
Prevailing Party: Plaintiff
Nature of Relief:
Injunction / Injunctive-like Settlement
Preliminary injunction / Temp. restraining order
Source of Relief:
Form of Settlement:
Court Approved Settlement or Consent Decree
Content of Injunction:
Develop anti-discrimination policy
Goals (e.g., for hiring, admissions)
Issues
General/Misc.:
Staff (number, training, qualifications, wages)
Discrimination Area:
Discrimination Basis:
Affected Race(s):