Case: West-Campeau v. Dunlap

2:24-cv-12751 | U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan

Filed Date: Oct. 17, 2024

Closed Date: March 25, 2026

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Case Summary

This is a class action lawsuit alleging that the Wayne County Criminal Justice Center (CJC), a new jail that opened in September 2024, was plagued by operational and administrative chaos, leading to people being held in the jail longer than was permissible. On November 17, 2024, an individual formerly detained by the CJC filed a lawsuit alleging staff shortages and computer system unavailability led to individuals being held beyond their release order. The named plaintiff in the suit was held f…

On November 17, 2024, an individual formerly detained by the CJC filed a lawsuit alleging staff shortages and computer system unavailability led to individuals being held beyond their release order. The named plaintiff in the suit was held for six days past the date of the court’s release order. The plaintiffs alleged defendants had a policy of detaining individuals for as long as fourteen days after the reason for their incarceration had ended. The plaintiffs argued this was in violation of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Chief of Jails of Wayne County, five employees responsible for the detention of individuals at CJC, the Wayne County Sheriff, and Wayne County were all named as defendants.

The lawsuit sought to certify a class of all persons held at the old Wayne County Jail and/or the new Wayne County Criminal Justice Center from October 14, 2021, onward who have been detained in the CJC for five or more days after the reasons for the detention have ended. The case was assigned to District Judge Mark A. Goldsmith in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan.

Defendants filed a motion to dismiss on December 18, 2024 pursuant to FRCP 12(b)(1), 12(b)(6), and 56. First, defendants claimed that the Court should abstain from adjudicating the 14th Amendment civil claim because of the Younger v. Harris doctrine. Second, defendants claimed that Chief Dunlap is entitled to qualified immunity on claims asserted against him in his individual capacity. Third, defendants claimed that the plaintiffs did not state a claim nor raise a genuine issue of material fact on a municipal liability claim against Wayne County.

The Court issued an order denying defendants’ motion to dismiss on February 4, 2025. The Court reasoned that under FRCP 15(a), the motion to dismiss was denied without prejudice because plaintiffs had since filed an amended complaint.

Defendants entered a second motion to dismiss, to abstain, and/or for summary judgment on March 20, 2025. Defendants argued 1) the Eleventh Amendment immunity bars plaintiffs’ Fourteenth Amendment for money damages against Wayne County, 2) quasi-judicial immunity bars the claim against Chief Dunlap, 3) the Court should abstain under the Pullman or Younger doctrine, or alternatively, 4) Chief Dunlap would be entitled to qualified immunity on the Fourteenth Amendment claims asserted against him in his individual capacity. Defendants also claimed that plaintiffs did not state a claim nor could raise a genuine issue of material fact on a municipal liability claim against Wayne County.

The Court granted the defendant's motion to dismiss on March 25, 2026. The Court found that the plaintiffs failed to establish a fundamental constitutional right to prompt release following a bond order, distinguishing this case from established bail rights. Moreover, the Court noted that there was no precedent establishing such a fundamental right and that the inmates had alternative remedies available through the state court that issued the original bond order. Additionally, the Court granted qualified immunity to individual defendants due to the lack of clearly established law. The Court also concluded that Wayne County prevailed because plaintiffs failed to plausible allege a violation under Monell which states a plaintiff may not hold a municipality vicariously liable for the unconstitutional actions of its officers. A judgment was entered on March 25, 2026.

Summary Authors

Cara Claflin (1/4/2025)

Ana Lopez (4/19/2026)

People

For PACER's information on parties and their attorneys, see: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/69271387/parties/west-campeau-v-dunlap/

Judge(s)

Goldsmith, Mark Allan (Michigan)

Attorney for Plaintiff

Bonanni, Megan (Michigan)

Canepa, Danielle Young (Michigan)

Carlson, Kevin Michael (Michigan)

Elliott, Dean D. (Michigan)

Attorney for Defendant

Judge(s)

Goldsmith, Mark Allan (Michigan)

Attorney for Plaintiff

Bonanni, Megan (Michigan)

Canepa, Danielle Young (Michigan)

Carlson, Kevin Michael (Michigan)

Elliott, Dean D. (Michigan)

Attorney for Defendant

Monticciolo, Anthony (Michigan)

Stella, Davidde A. (Michigan)

Attorney Contact Information via CourtListener

Documents in the Clearinghouse

Documents in this case

13 2:24-cv-12751	Corrected Motion To Abstain, To Dismiss, And/Or For Summary Judgment By Defendants Chief Robert Dunlap, The Wayne County Sheriff, And Wayne County West-Campeau v. Dunlap et al.	Dec. 18, 2024	Dec. 18, 2024 Pleading / Motion / Brief
15 2:24-cv-12751	Corrected Motion To File Under Seal Exhibit 7 To Defendants’ Dispositive Motion West-Campeau v. Dunlap et al.	Dec. 18, 2024	Dec. 18, 2024 Pleading / Motion / Brief
19 2:24-cv-12751	Order Denying Defendants’ (1) Motion To Dismiss (Dkt. 13) And (2) Motion To Seal (Dkt. 15) West-Campeau et al. v. Dunlap et al.	Feb. 4, 2025	Feb. 4, 2025 Order/Opinion
19 2:24-cv-12751	Order Denying Defendants’ (1) Motion To Dismiss (Dkt. 13) And (2) Motion To Seal (Dkt. 15) West-Campeau et al. v. Dunlap et al.	Feb. 4, 2025	Feb. 4, 2025 Order/Opinion
27 2:24-cv-12751	Motion To Dismiss, To Abstain, And/Or For Summary Judgment By Defendants Chief Robert Dunlap, The Wayne County Sheriff, And Wayne County West-Campeau et al. v. Dunlap et al.	March 20, 2025	March 20, 2025 Pleading / Motion / Brief
37 2:24-cv-12751	Opinion & Order Granting Defendants’ Motion To Dismiss, To Abstain, And/Or For Summary Judgment (Dkt. 27) West-Campeau et al. v. Dunlap et al.	March 25, 2026	March 25, 2026 Order/Opinion 2026 WL 820851

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Docket

See docket on RECAP: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/69271387/west-campeau-v-dunlap/

Last updated July 28, 2026, 7:05 p.m.

Docket for: West-Campeau v. Dunlap

ECF Number	Date	Description	Link
1	Oct. 17, 2024	COMPLAINT AND JURY DEMAND filed by Liam West-Campeau against All Defendants with Jury Demand. Plaintiff requests summons issued. Receipt No: AMIEDC-9980404 - Fee: $ 405. County of 1st Plaintiff: Macomb - County Where Action Arose: Wayne - County of 1st Defendant: Wayne. [Previously dismissed case: No] [Possible companion case(s): None] (Bonanni, Megan) (Entered: 10/17/2024)	RECAP
2	Oct. 17, 2024	NOTICE of Appearance by Kevin Michael Carlson on behalf of All Plaintiffs. (Carlson, Kevin) (Entered: 10/17/2024)	RECAP
3	Oct. 17, 2024	SUMMONS Issued for Robert Dunlap, Raphael Washington, Wayne, County of (SHic) (Entered: 10/17/2024)	RECAP
	Oct. 17, 2024	Notice to Parties of Consent of a Civil Action before a Magistrate Judge Option
	Oct. 17, 2024	A United States Magistrate Judge of this Court is available to conduct all proceedings in this civil action in accordance with 28 U.S.C. 636c and FRCP 73. The Notice, Consent, and Reference of a Civil Action to a Magistrate Judge form is available for download at http://www.mied.uscourts.gov (SHic)
4	Oct. 21, 2024	ORDER REGARDING PROTOCOLS ON FILINGS AND COMMUNICATION WITH THE COURT - Signed by District Judge Mark A. Goldsmith. (CCie) (Entered: 10/21/2024)	RECAP
5	Nov. 22, 2024	CERTIFICATE of Service/Summons Returned Executed. Wayne, County of served on 11/8/2024, answer due 11/29/2024. (Bonanni, Megan) (Entered: 11/22/2024)	RECAP
6	Nov. 22, 2024	CERTIFICATE of Service/Summons Returned Executed. Raphael Washington served on 10/25/2024, answer due 11/15/2024. (Bonanni, Megan) (Entered: 11/22/2024)	RECAP
7	Nov. 22, 2024	CERTIFICATE of Service/Summons Returned Executed. Robert Dunlap served on 10/25/2024, answer due 11/15/2024. (Bonanni, Megan) (Entered: 11/22/2024)	RECAP
8	Dec. 16, 2024	[STRICKEN] MOTION to Dismiss MOTION TO ABSTAIN, TO DISMISS, AND/OR FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT by Robert Dunlap, Raphael Washington, Wayne, County of. (Attachments: # 1 Index of Exhibits Index of Exhibits and Exhibit 1, # 2 Exhibit Exhibit 2, # 3 Exhibit Exhibit 3, # 4 Exhibit Exhibit 4, # 5 Exhibit Exhibit 5, # 6 Exhibit Exhibit 6, # 7 Exhibit Exhibit 7, # 8 Exhibit Exhibit 8) (Stella, Davidde) Modified on 12/19/2024 (CCie). (Entered: 12/16/2024)	RECAP
9	Dec. 16, 2024	[STRICKEN] MOTION to Seal 8 MOTION to Dismiss MOTION TO ABSTAIN, TO DISMISS, AND/OR FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT MOTION TO FILE UNDER SEAL EXHIBIT 7 TO DEFENDANTS DISPOSITIVE MOTION by Robert Dunlap, Raphael Washington, Wayne, County of. (Attachments: # 1 Index of Exhibits Index of Exhibits and Exhibit A (Redacted)) (Stella, Davidde) Modified on 12/19/2024 (CCie). (Entered: 12/16/2024)	RECAP
10	Dec. 16, 2024	SEALED EXHIBIT Declaration of Sergeant Britton Foreman re 8 MOTION to Dismiss MOTION TO ABSTAIN, TO DISMISS, AND/OR FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT by Robert Dunlap, Raphael Washington, Wayne, County of. (Stella, Davidde) (Entered: 12/16/2024)	RECAP
11	Dec. 17, 2024	NOTICE of Appearance by Anthony Monticciolo on behalf of Robert Dunlap, Raphael Washington, Wayne, County of. (Monticciolo, Anthony) (Entered: 12/17/2024)	RECAP
12	Dec. 18, 2024	ORDER STRIKING 8 MOTION to Dismiss MOTION TO ABSTAIN, TO DISMISS, AND/OR FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT filed by Raphael Washington, Wayne, County of, Robert Dunlap - Signed by District Judge Mark A. Goldsmith. (CCie) (Entered: 12/18/2024)	RECAP
13	Dec. 18, 2024	MOTION to Dismiss CORRECTED MOTION TO ABSTAIN, TO DISMISS, AND/OR FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT by Robert Dunlap, Raphael Washington, Wayne, County of. (Attachments: # 1 Index of Exhibits Index of Exhibits and Exhibit 1, # 2 Exhibit Exhibit 2, # 3 Exhibit Exhibit 3, # 4 Exhibit Exhibit 4, # 5 Exhibit Exhibit 5, # 6 Exhibit Exhibit 6, # 7 Exhibit Exhibit 7, # 8 Exhibit Exhibit 8) (Stella, Davidde) (Entered: 12/18/2024)	Clearinghouse
14	Dec. 18, 2024	ORDER STRIKING DOCUMENT 9 MOTION to Seal - Signed by District Judge Mark A. Goldsmith. (CCie) (Entered: 12/18/2024)	RECAP
15	Dec. 18, 2024	MOTION to Seal 13 MOTION to Dismiss CORRECTED MOTION TO ABSTAIN, TO DISMISS, AND/OR FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CORRECTED MOTION TO FILE UNDER SEAL EXHIBIT 7 TO DEFENDANTS DISPOSITIVE MOTION by Robert Dunlap, Raphael Washington, Wayne, County of. (Stella, Davidde) (Entered: 12/18/2024)	Clearinghouse
16	Jan. 29, 2025	NOTICE of Appearance by Danielle Young Canepa on behalf of All Plaintiffs. (Young Canepa, Danielle) (Entered: 01/29/2025)	RECAP
17	Jan. 29, 2025	AMENDED COMPLAINT with Jury Demand filed by All Plaintiffs against All Defendants. NEW PARTIES ADDED. (Bonanni, Megan) (Entered: 01/29/2025)	RECAP
18	Jan. 29, 2025	RESPONSE to 13 MOTION to Dismiss CORRECTED MOTION TO ABSTAIN, TO DISMISS, AND/OR FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT filed by All Plaintiffs. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit 1 - Vera Report and Recommendations) (Bonanni, Megan) (Entered: 01/29/2025)	RECAP
19	Feb. 4, 2025	ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS' 13 Motion to Dismiss AND DENYING DEFENDANTS' 15 Motion to Seal - Signed by District Judge Mark A. Goldsmith. (CCie) (Entered: 02/04/2025)	Clearinghouse
20	Feb. 5, 2025	MOTION to Strike 17 Amended Complaint MOTION TO STRIKE PLAINTIFFS AMENDED COMPLAINT BY DEFENDANTS CHIEF ROBERT DUNLAP, THE WAYNE COUNTY SHERIFF, AND WAYNE COUNTY by Robert Dunlap, Raphael Washington, Wayne, County of. (Attachments: # 1 Index of Exhibits Index of Exhibits and Exhibit 1, # 2 Exhibit Exhibit 2) (Stella, Davidde) (Entered: 02/05/2025)	RECAP
21	Feb. 6, 2025	NOTICE of Appearance by Dean D. Elliott on behalf of All Plaintiffs. (Elliott, Dean) (Entered: 02/06/2025)	RECAP
22	Feb. 10, 2025	NOTICE OF REMOTE HEARING on 20 MOTION to Strike 17 Amended Complaint MOTION TO STRIKE PLAINTIFFS AMENDED COMPLAINT BY DEFENDANTS CHIEF ROBERT DUNLAP, THE WAYNE COUNTY SHERIFF, AND WAYNE COUNTY - Motion Hearing set for 2/18/2025 03:30 PM before District Judge Mark A. Goldsmith - \|Remote Access Phone Number: +1 646 828 7666 US (New York) and Meeting ID: 160 755 4123\| (CCie) (Entered: 02/10/2025)	RECAP
	Feb. 10, 2025	Text-Only Order
	Feb. 10, 2025	TEXT-ONLY ORDER: Plaintiff must file a response to the pending motion to strike at Dkt. 20 - (Plaintiff's Response due by 2/14/2025) - Entered by District Judge Mark A. Goldsmith. (CCie)
23	Feb. 13, 2025	RESPONSE to 20 MOTION to Strike 17 Amended Complaint MOTION TO STRIKE PLAINTIFFS AMENDED COMPLAINT BY DEFENDANTS CHIEF ROBERT DUNLAP, THE WAYNE COUNTY SHERIFF, AND WAYNE COUNTY filed by All Plaintiffs. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit 3 - emails, # 2 Exhibit 2 - email and proposed order, # 3 Exhibit 3 - submission of proposed order) (Carlson, Kevin) (Entered: 02/13/2025)	RECAP
24	Feb. 17, 2025	REPLY to Response re 20 MOTION to Strike 17 Amended Complaint MOTION TO STRIKE PLAINTIFFS AMENDED COMPLAINT BY DEFENDANTS CHIEF ROBERT DUNLAP, THE WAYNE COUNTY SHERIFF, AND WAYNE COUNTY REPLY IN SUPPORT OF MOTION TO STRIKE PLAINTIFFS AMENDED COMPLAINT filed by Robert Dunlap, Raphael Washington, Wayne, County of. (Stella, Davidde) (Entered: 02/17/2025)	RECAP
	Feb. 18, 2025	Minute Entry for remote proceedings before District Judge Mark A. Goldsmith: Motion Hearing held on 2/18/2025 re 20 MOTION to Strike 17 Amended Complaint MOTION TO STRIKE PLAINTIFFS AMENDED COMPLAINT BY DEFENDANTS CHIEF ROBERT DUNLAP, THE WAYNE COUNTY SHERIFF, AND WAYNE COUNTY filed by Raphael Washington, Wayne, County of, Robert Dunlap - Disposition: Motion denied. (Court Reporter: David Yarbrough) (CCie)
25	March 12, 2025	ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS' 20 Motion to Strike - Signed by District Judge Mark A. Goldsmith. (CCie) (Entered: 03/12/2025)	RECAP
26	March 19, 2025	Ex Parte MOTION extension of page limitations EX PARTE MOTION TO EXCEED THE PAGE LIMITS by Robert Dunlap, Raphael Washington, Wayne, County of. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit Exhibit A Proposed Brief) (Stella, Davidde) (Entered: 03/19/2025)	RECAP
27	March 20, 2025	Second MOTION to Dismiss MOTION TO DISMISS, TO ABSTAIN, AND/OR FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT by Robert Dunlap, Raphael Washington, Wayne, County of. (Attachments: # 1 Index of Exhibits Index of Exhibits and Exhibit 1, # 2 Exhibit Exhibit 2 to be filed under seal, # 3 Exhibit Exhibit 3, # 4 Exhibit Exhibit 4, # 5 Exhibit Exhibit 5, # 6 Exhibit Exhibit 6, # 7 Exhibit Exhibit 7, # 8 Exhibit Exhibit 8, # 9 Exhibit Exhibit 9, # 10 Exhibit Exhibit 10, # 11 Exhibit Exhibit 11, # 12 Exhibit Exhibit 12, # 13 Exhibit Exhibit 13, # 14 Exhibit Exhibit 14) (Stella, Davidde) (Entered: 03/20/2025)	Clearinghouse
28	March 20, 2025	MOTION to Seal 27 Second MOTION to Dismiss MOTION TO DISMISS, TO ABSTAIN, AND/OR FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT MOTION TO FILE UNDER SEAL EXHIBIT 2 TO DEFENDANTS DISPOSITIVE MOTION by Robert Dunlap, Raphael Washington, Wayne, County of. (Attachments: # 1 Index of Exhibits Index of Exhibits and Exhibit A) (Stella, Davidde) (Entered: 03/20/2025)	RECAP
29	March 20, 2025	SEALED EXHIBIT Sealed Exhibit 2 re 27 Second MOTION to Dismiss MOTION TO DISMISS, TO ABSTAIN, AND/OR FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT, 28 MOTION to Seal 27 Second MOTION to Dismiss MOTION TO DISMISS, TO ABSTAIN, AND/OR FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT MOTION TO FILE UNDER SEAL EXHIBIT 2 TO DEFENDANTS DISPOSITIVE MOTION by Robert Dunlap, Raphael Washington, Wayne, County of. (Stella, Davidde) (Entered: 03/20/2025)	RECAP
	April 3, 2025	TEXT-ONLY ORDER granting 26 Motion for an Extension of Pages - Entered by District Judge Mark A. Goldsmith. (CCie)
	April 3, 2025	Order on Motion - Free
30	April 8, 2025	MOTION for Extension of Time to File Response/Reply as to 27 Second MOTION to Dismiss MOTION TO DISMISS, TO ABSTAIN, AND/OR FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT by All Plaintiffs. (Carlson, Kevin) (Entered: 04/08/2025)	RECAP
	April 8, 2025	Order on Motion to Seal
	April 8, 2025	TEXT-ONLY ORDER granting 28 Motion to Seal - Entered by District Judge Mark A. Goldsmith. (CCie)
31	April 10, 2025	ORDER granting 30 Motion for Extension of Time to File Response/Reply re 27 Second MOTION to Dismiss MOTION TO DISMISS, TO ABSTAIN, AND/OR FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT - Response due by 4/25/2025 -. Signed by District Judge Mark A. Goldsmith. (CCie) (Entered: 04/10/2025)	RECAP
32	April 24, 2025	RESPONSE to 27 Second MOTION to Dismiss MOTION TO DISMISS, TO ABSTAIN, AND/OR FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT filed by All Plaintiffs. (Carlson, Kevin) (Entered: 04/24/2025)	RECAP
33	May 7, 2025	STIPULATED ORDER Extending Time to File a Reply re 27 Second MOTION to Dismiss. (Reply due by 5/15/2025) Signed by District Judge Mark A. Goldsmith. (KCas) (Entered: 05/07/2025)	RECAP
34	May 15, 2025	Ex Parte MOTION extension of page limitations EX PARTE MOTION TO EXCEED THE PAGE LIMITS by Robert Dunlap, Raphael Washington, Wayne, County of. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit Exhibit A) (Stella, Davidde) (Entered: 05/15/2025)	RECAP
35	May 21, 2025	REPLY to Response re 27 Second MOTION to Dismiss MOTION TO DISMISS, TO ABSTAIN, AND/OR FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT REPLY IN SUPPORT MOTION TO DISMISS, TO ABSTAIN, OR FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT filed by Robert Dunlap, Raphael Washington, Wayne, County of. (Stella, Davidde) (Entered: 05/21/2025)	RECAP
	May 22, 2025	TEXT-ONLY ORDER GRANTING Defendants' 34 Ex Parte Motion to Exceed the Page Limits. Issued by District Judge Mark A. Goldsmith. (JHea) Modified on 5/22/2025 (JHea).
	May 22, 2025	Text-Only Order AND ~Util - Terminate Motions
36	Nov. 10, 2025	NOTICE OF REMOTE HEARING on 27 Second MOTION to Dismiss MOTION TO DISMISS, TO ABSTAIN, AND/OR FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT: Motion Hearing set for 11/18/2025 01:30 PM before District Judge Mark A. Goldsmith. \|Remote Access Phone Number: +1 (646) 828-7666 and Meeting ID: 161 265 7113\| (JHea) (Entered: 11/10/2025)	RECAP
	Nov. 18, 2025	Minute Entry for remote proceedings before District Judge Mark A. Goldsmith: Motion Hearing held on 11/18/2025 re 27 Second MOTION to Dismiss MOTION TO DISMISS, TO ABSTAIN, AND/OR FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT filed by Raphael Washington, Wayne, County of, Robert Dunlap Disposition: Motion taken under advisement (Court Reporter: David Yarbrough) (JHea)
37	March 25, 2026	OPINION & ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS' 27 MOTION TO DISMISS, TO ABSTAIN, AND/OR FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT. Signed by District Judge Mark A. Goldsmith. (JHea) (Entered: 03/25/2026)	Clearinghouse
38	March 25, 2026	JUDGMENT. Signed by District Judge Mark A. Goldsmith. (JHea) (Entered: 03/25/2026)	RECAP
41	May 27, 2026	TRANSCRIPT of Hearing on Motion to Dismiss, et al held on 11/18/2025. (Court Reporter/Transcriber: David B. Yarbrough) (Number of Pages: 29) (Appeal Purposes) The parties have 21 days to file with the court and Court Reporter/Transcriber a Redaction Request of this transcript. If no request is filed, the transcript may be made remotely electronically available to the public without redaction after 90 days. Redaction Request due 6/17/2026. Redacted Transcript Deadline set for 6/29/2026. Release of Transcript Restriction set for 8/25/2026. Transcript may be viewed at the court public terminal or purchased through the Court Reporter/Transcriber before the deadline for Release of Transcript Restriction. After that date, the transcript is publicly available. (Yarbrough, David) (Entered: 05/27/2026)	RECAP

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Case Details

State / Territory:

Michigan

Case Type(s):

Jail Conditions

Key Dates

Filing Date: Oct. 17, 2024

Closing Date: March 25, 2026

Case Ongoing: No reason to think so

Plaintiffs

Plaintiff Description:

An individual formerly detained by the CJC who was held six days past his release order. The lawsuit sought to certify a class of all persons held at the old Wayne County Jail and/or the new Wayne County Criminal Justice Center from October 14, 2021, onward who have been detained in the CJC for five or more days after the reasons for the detention have ended.

Public Interest Lawyer: No

Filed Pro Se: No

Class Action Sought: Yes

Class Action Outcome: Pending

Defendants

County

Chief of Jails of Wayne County

Wayne County

Wayne County Sherif

Defendant Type(s):

Jurisdiction-wide

Law-enforcement