Case: Black Polaski v. Stein

7:24-cv-00004 | U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina

Filed Date: Jan. 4, 2024

Case Ongoing

Clearinghouse coding complete

Case Summary

In January 2024, two paralegals and the non-profit North Carolina Justice for All Project, filed this lawsuit challenging North Carolina's prohibition on nonlawyers providing any legal advice. The plaintiffs, represented by the Institute for Justice and private counsel, claimed the prohibition prevented them from providing simple legal advice to North Carolinians about how to properly fill in common, court-created legal forms. They sued under 42 USC § 1983, alleging that the ban violated their …

In January 2024, two paralegals and the non-profit North Carolina Justice for All Project, filed this lawsuit challenging North Carolina's prohibition on nonlawyers providing any legal advice. The plaintiffs, represented by the Institute for Justice and private counsel, claimed the prohibition prevented them from providing simple legal advice to North Carolinians about how to properly fill in common, court-created legal forms. They sued under 42 USC § 1983, alleging that the ban violated their First Amendment rights to give the advice (as a form of speech) and their clients' First Amendment rights to hear it, and made it difficult for low-income North Carolinians to access affordable legal care. The plaintiffs sought a declaratory judgment, a permanent injunction, and attorneys' fees. The lawsuit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina and assigned to Judge Terrence William Boyle.

On December 16, 2024, the court granted the defendant's motion to dismiss. The court stated that the prohibition of unauthorized practice of law is a regulation of professional conduct that only incidentally impacts speech, falling under a more relaxed form of intermediate scrutiny that a statute will survive as long as it protects the state's substantial interests. Finally, the court held that the plaintiffs had failed to establish that the statute at issue here differed from other statutes that courts have previously held to be constitutional under this standard. 2024 WL 5121029.

Plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal on January 10, 2025, to the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals (No. 25-1038); on February 3, 2025, the Fourth Circuit placed this case in abeyance pending a decision by the U.S. Supreme Court on the cert petition in 360 Virtual Drone Services LLC v. Ritter (No. 24-279).

This case is ongoing as of February 17, 2025. 

Summary Authors

Isobel Blakeway-Phillips (2/17/2025)

People

For PACER's information on parties and their attorneys, see: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/68135169/parties/black-polaski-v-stein/


Judge(s)

Boyle, Terrence William (North Carolina)

Attorney for Plaintiff

Eisinger, Vince R. (North Carolina)

Attorney for Defendant

Carreiro, Chris D. (North Carolina)

DUNCAN, ALAN W. (North Carolina)

General, Carl M.

Documents in the Clearinghouse

Documents in this case
1

7:24-cv-00004

Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief

Jan. 4, 2024

Jan. 4, 2024

Complaint
40

7:24-cv-00004

Order

Dec. 16, 2024

Dec. 16, 2024

Order/Opinion

2024 WL 5121029

41

7:24-cv-00004

Judgment

Dec. 16, 2024

Dec. 16, 2024

Order/Opinion

2024 WL 5121029

Docket

See docket on RECAP: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/68135169/black-polaski-v-stein/

Last updated Aug. 28, 2026, 4:52 a.m.

Docket for: Black Polaski v. Stein
ECF Number Date Description Link
1 Jan. 4, 2024

COMPLAINT against Josh Stein ( Filing fee $ 405 receipt number ANCEDC-7417676.), filed by Morag Black Polaski, North Carolina Justice For All Project, Shawana Almendarez. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit A - Guidelines on the Use of Paralegals, # 2 Exhibit B- UPL FAQs, # 3 Exhibit C - NC eCourts Guide and File Disclaimers Page, # 4 Civil Cover Sheet, # 5 Proposed Summons) (Eisinger, Vince) (Entered: 01/04/2024)

1 Exhibit A - Guidelines on the Use of Paralegals

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2 Exhibit B- UPL FAQs

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3 Exhibit C - NC eCourts Guide and File Disclaimers Page

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4 Civil Cover Sheet

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5 Proposed Summons

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Clearinghouse
2 Jan. 4, 2024

Notice of Appearance filed by Vince R. Eisinger on behalf of All Plaintiffs. (Eisinger, Vince) (Entered: 01/04/2024)

RECAP
3 Jan. 4, 2024

Financial Disclosure Statement by Morag Black Polaski (Eisinger, Vince) (Entered: 01/04/2024)

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4 Jan. 4, 2024

Financial Disclosure Statement by Shawana Almendarez (Eisinger, Vince) (Entered: 01/04/2024)

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5 Jan. 4, 2024

Financial Disclosure Statement by North Carolina Justice For All Project (Eisinger, Vince) (Entered: 01/04/2024)

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6 Jan. 4, 2024

Notice of Special Appearance for non-district by Paul Sherman on behalf of All Plaintiffs. (Sherman, Paul) (Entered: 01/04/2024)

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7 Jan. 4, 2024

Notice of Special Appearance for non-district by Christian W Lansinger on behalf of All Plaintiffs. (Lansinger, Christian) (Entered: 01/04/2024)

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8 Jan. 4, 2024

Summons Issued as to Josh Stein. (*NOTICE: Counsel shall print the attached summons and serve with other case opening documents in accordance with Fed.R.Civ.P. 4.*) (Rudd, D.) (Entered: 01/04/2024)

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9 Jan. 9, 2024

SUMMONS Returned Executed by Morag Black Polaski, North Carolina Justice For All Project, Shawana Almendarez. Josh Stein served on 1/5/2024, answer due 1/26/2024. (Sherman, Paul) (Entered: 01/09/2024)

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10 Jan. 19, 2024

Notice of Appearance filed by Carl M. Newman on behalf of All Defendants. (Newman, Carl) (Entered: 01/19/2024)

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11 Jan. 19, 2024

Financial Disclosure Statement by Josh Stein (Newman, Carl) (Entered: 01/19/2024)

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12 Jan. 19, 2024

MOTION for Extension of Time to File Answer filed by Josh Stein. (Attachments: # 1 Text of Proposed Order) (Newman, Carl) (Entered: 01/19/2024)

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Jan. 22, 2024

Motion Referred to Clerk

Jan. 22, 2024

Motion Referred to Peter A. Moore, Jr., Clerk of Court regarding 12 MOTION for Extension of Time to File Answer. (Stouch, L.)

Jan. 22, 2024

Order on Motion for Extension of Time to Answer

Jan. 22, 2024

TEXT ORDER granting Defendant's Motion for Extension of Time 12 . For good cause shown, it is ordered that Defendant has up to and including February 26, 2024, within which to answer or otherwise respond to the Complaint 1 . Signed by Peter A. Moore, Jr., Clerk of Court on 1/22/2024. (Hockaday, A.)

Feb. 1, 2024

Case Selected for Mediation

Feb. 1, 2024

Case Selected for Mediation - A printable list of certified mediators for the Eastern District of North Carolina is available on the court's Website, http://www.nced.uscourts.gov/attorney/mediators.aspx. Please serve this list on all parties. (Sellers, N.)

13 Feb. 26, 2024

MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM, MOTION to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction filed by Josh Stein. (Newman, Carl) (Entered: 02/26/2024)

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14 Feb. 26, 2024

Memorandum in Support regarding 13 MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM MOTION to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction filed by Josh Stein. (Newman, Carl) (Entered: 02/26/2024)

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15 Feb. 26, 2024

ORDER FOR DISCOVERY PLAN sent to all parties. Signed by Peter A. Moore, Jr., Clerk of Court on 2/26/2024. (Stouch, L.) (Entered: 02/26/2024)

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16 March 18, 2024

AMENDED COMPLAINT against Ernie Lee, Benjamin R. David, Nancy Lorrin Freeman, Ashlie Shanley, Spencer B. Merriweather III, A. Todd Brown, filed by Morag Black Polaski, North Carolina Justice For All Project, Shawana Almendarez. (Attachments: # 1 Proposed Summons Ernie Lee, in his official capacity, # 2 Proposed Summons Benjamin R. David, in his official capacity, # 3 Proposed Summons Nancy Lorrin Freeman, in her official capacity, # 4 Proposed Summons Ashlie Shanley, in her official capacity, # 5 Proposed Summons Spencer B. Merriweather III, in his official capacity, # 6 Proposed Summons A. Todd Brown, in his official capacity) (Sherman, Paul) (Entered: 03/18/2024)

1 Proposed Summons Ernie Lee, in his official capacity

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2 Proposed Summons Benjamin R. David, in his official capacity

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3 Proposed Summons Nancy Lorrin Freeman, in her official capacity

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4 Proposed Summons Ashlie Shanley, in her official capacity

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5 Proposed Summons Spencer B. Merriweather III, in his official capacity

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6 Proposed Summons A. Todd Brown, in his official capacity

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17 March 18, 2024

Notice filed by Shawana Almendarez, Morag Black Polaski, North Carolina Justice For All Project regarding 16 Amended Complaint,, . (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit A to First Amended Complaint, # 2 Exhibit B to First Amended Complaint, # 3 Exhibit C to First Amended Complaint) (Sherman, Paul) (Entered: 03/18/2024)

1 Exhibit A to First Amended Complaint

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2 Exhibit B to First Amended Complaint

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3 Exhibit C to First Amended Complaint

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18 March 21, 2024

Summonses Issued as to A. Todd Brown, Benjamin R. David, Nancy Lorrin Freeman, Ernie Lee, Spencer B. Merriweather III, Ashlie Shanley. (*NOTICE: Counsel shall print the attached summons and serve with other case opening documents in accordance with Fed.R.Civ.P. 4.*) (Sellers, N.) (Entered: 03/21/2024)

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19 March 21, 2024

Waiver of Service Returned Executed filed by North Carolina Justice For All Project, Shawana Almendarez, Morag Black Polaski. A. Todd Brown waiver sent on 3/21/2024, answer due 5/20/2024. (Sherman, Paul) (Entered: 03/21/2024)

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20 March 22, 2024

Notice of Appearance filed by Alan W. Duncan on behalf of A. Todd Brown. (Duncan, Alan) (Entered: 03/22/2024)

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21 March 22, 2024

Notice of Appearance filed by Stephen McDaniel Russell, Jr on behalf of A. Todd Brown. (Russell, Stephen) (Entered: 03/22/2024)

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22 March 22, 2024

Financial Disclosure Statement by A. Todd Brown (Russell, Stephen) (Entered: 03/22/2024)

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23 March 22, 2024

Waiver of Service Returned Executed filed by North Carolina Justice For All Project, Shawana Almendarez, Morag Black Polaski. Ernie Lee waiver sent on 3/22/2024, answer due 5/21/2024. (Sherman, Paul) (Entered: 03/22/2024)

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24 March 22, 2024

Waiver of Service Returned Executed filed by North Carolina Justice For All Project, Shawana Almendarez, Morag Black Polaski. Benjamin R. David waiver sent on 3/22/2024, answer due 5/21/2024. (Sherman, Paul) (Entered: 03/22/2024)

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25 March 22, 2024

Waiver of Service Returned Executed filed by North Carolina Justice For All Project, Shawana Almendarez, Morag Black Polaski. Nancy Lorrin Freeman waiver sent on 3/22/2024, answer due 5/21/2024. (Sherman, Paul) (Entered: 03/22/2024)

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26 March 22, 2024

Waiver of Service Returned Executed filed by North Carolina Justice For All Project, Shawana Almendarez, Morag Black Polaski. Ashlie Shanley waiver sent on 3/22/2024, answer due 5/21/2024. (Sherman, Paul) (Entered: 03/22/2024)

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27 March 22, 2024

Waiver of Service Returned Executed filed by North Carolina Justice For All Project, Shawana Almendarez, Morag Black Polaski. Spencer B. Merriweather III waiver sent on 3/22/2024, answer due 5/21/2024. (Sherman, Paul) (Entered: 03/22/2024)

RECAP
April 19, 2024

Motion Submitted

April 19, 2024

Motion Submitted to District Judge Terrence W. Boyle regarding 13 MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM and for Lack of Jurisdiction. (Stouch, L.)

April 24, 2024

Order on Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim AND Order on Motion to Dismiss/Lack of Jurisdiction

April 24, 2024

TEXT ORDER - In light of the filing of the amended complaint, the motion to dismiss the original complaint [DE 13] filed by defendant Stein is DENIED AS MOOT. See Fawzy v. Wauquiez Boats SNC, 873 F.3d 451, 455 (4th Cir. 2017). Entered by District Judge Terrence W. Boyle on 4/24/2023. (Stouch, L.)

28 May 15, 2024

Notice of Appearance filed by Chris D. Agosto Carreiro on behalf of Benjamin R. David, Nancy Lorrin Freeman, Ernie Lee, Spencer B. Merriweather III, Ashlie Shanley. (Agosto Carreiro, Chris) (Entered: 05/15/2024)

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29 May 16, 2024

Notice of Appearance filed by Elizabeth Curran O'Brien on behalf of Benjamin R. David, Nancy Lorrin Freeman, Ernie Lee, Spencer B. Merriweather III, Ashlie Shanley. (O'Brien, Elizabeth) (Entered: 05/16/2024)

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30 May 20, 2024

Joint MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM filed by A. Todd Brown, Benjamin R. David, Nancy Lorrin Freeman, Ernie Lee, Spencer B. Merriweather III, Ashlie Shanley. (Russell, Stephen) (Entered: 05/20/2024)

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31 May 20, 2024

Memorandum in Support regarding 30 Joint MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM filed by A. Todd Brown, Benjamin R. David, Nancy Lorrin Freeman, Ernie Lee, Spencer B. Merriweather III, Ashlie Shanley. (Russell, Stephen) (Entered: 05/20/2024)

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32 May 29, 2024

Consent MOTION for Extension of Time to File Response/Reply as to 30 Joint MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM filed by Shawana Almendarez, Morag Black Polaski, North Carolina Justice For All Project. (Attachments: # 1 Text of Proposed Order) (Sherman, Paul) (Entered: 05/29/2024)

RECAP
June 5, 2024

Order on Motion for Extension of Time to File Response/Reply

June 5, 2024

Motion Referred to Clerk

June 5, 2024

Motion Referred to Peter A. Moore, Jr., Clerk of Court regarding 32 Consent MOTION for Extension of Time to File Response as to 30 Joint MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM. (Stouch, L.)

June 5, 2024

TEXT ORDER granting Plaintiffs' Unopposed Motion for Extension of Time 32 . For good cause shown, it is ordered that Plaintiffs have up to and including June 24, 2024, within which respond to the Joint Motion to Dismiss 30 . Signed by Peter A. Moore, Jr., Clerk of Court on 6/5/2024. (Hockaday, A.)

33 June 24, 2024

RESPONSE in Opposition regarding 30 Joint MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM filed by Shawana Almendarez, Morag Black Polaski, North Carolina Justice For All Project. (Sherman, Paul) (Entered: 06/24/2024)

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34 June 28, 2024

Consent MOTION for Extension of Time to File Response/Reply as to 33 Response in Opposition to Motion, 30 Joint MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM Defendants' Joint Consent Motion for Extension of Time filed by A. Todd Brown, Benjamin R. David, Nancy Lorrin Freeman, Ernie Lee, Spencer B. Merriweather III, Ashlie Shanley. (Attachments: # 1 Text of Proposed Order (Proposed Order Granting Defendants' Joint Consent Motion for Extension of Time)) (Russell, Stephen) (Entered: 06/28/2024)

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July 3, 2024

Motion Submitted

July 3, 2024

Motion Submitted to District Judge Terrence W. Boyle regarding 34 Consent MOTION for Extension of Time to File Reply as to 33 Response in Opposition to Motion, 30 Joint MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM Defendants' Joint Consent Motion for Extension of Time. (Stouch, L.)

35 July 8, 2024

ORDER granting 34 Consent MOTION for Extension of Time to File Reply as to 33 Response in Opposition to Motion. Reply due by 7/15/2024. Signed by District Judge Terrence W. Boyle on 7/3/2024. (Stouch, L.) (Entered: 07/08/2024)

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36 July 12, 2024

REPLY to Response to Motion regarding 30 Joint MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM Defendants' Reply Brief in Support of Motion to Dismiss filed by A. Todd Brown, Benjamin R. David, Nancy Lorrin Freeman, Ernie Lee, Spencer B. Merriweather III, Ashlie Shanley. (Russell, Stephen) (Entered: 07/12/2024)

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Oct. 17, 2024

Set/Reset Motion and M&R Hearings

Oct. 17, 2024

Motion Submitted

Oct. 17, 2024

Motion Submitted to District Judge Terrence W. Boyle regarding 30 Joint MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM. (Stouch, L.)

Oct. 17, 2024

Set Hearing as to 30 Joint MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM - Motion Hearing set for 11/1/2024 at 10:00 AM in Raleigh - 7th Floor - Courtroom 2 before District Judge Terrence W. Boyle. (Stouch, L.)

37 Oct. 22, 2024

MOTION for Hearing regarding Set/Reset Motion and M&R Hearings Unopposed Motion to Reschedule Hearing filed by A. Todd Brown. (Attachments: # 1 Text of Proposed Order Proposed Order Granting Unopposed Motion to Reschedule Hearing) (Russell, Stephen) (Entered: 10/22/2024)

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Oct. 24, 2024

Motion Submitted

Oct. 24, 2024

Order on Motion for Hearing

Oct. 24, 2024

Motion Submitted to District Judge Terrence W. Boyle regarding 37 MOTION for Hearing regarding Set/Reset Motion and M&R Hearings Unopposed Motion to Reschedule Hearing. (Stouch, L.)

Oct. 24, 2024

TEXT ORDER denying 37 Unopposed Motion to Reset Hearing. Entered by District Judge Terrence W. Boyle on 10/24/2024. (Stouch, L.)

Oct. 28, 2024

Set/Reset Motion and M&R Hearings

Oct. 28, 2024

Reset Hearing as to 30 Joint MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM. Motion Hearing reset for 11/1/2024 at 10:30 AM in Raleigh - 7th Floor - Courtroom 2 before District Judge Terrence W. Boyle. Time change only. (Stouch, L.)

38 Nov. 1, 2024

Minute Entry for proceedings held in Raleigh, NC before District Judge Terrence W. Boyle: Motion Hearing held on 11/1/2024. All parties present and ready to proceed. Oral argument held. Written order to follow. (Court Reporter Jenny Carroll, Official Court Reporter) (Stouch, L.) (Entered: 11/04/2024)

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39 Dec. 4, 2024

OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT of Proceedings on Motion to Dismiss held on 11/01/2024, before Judge Terrence W. Boyle. Court Reporter Jenny Carroll (jenny_carroll@nced.uscourts.gov). Transcript may be viewed at the court public terminal or purchased through the Court Reporter before the deadline for Release of Transcript Restriction. After that date it may be obtained through PACER. Please review Attorney obligations regarding the redaction of electronic transcripts of court proceedings available on the court's website Redaction Request due 12/28/2024. Redacted Transcript Deadline set for 1/7/2025. Release of Transcript Restriction set for 3/7/2025. (Carroll, Jennifer) (Entered: 12/04/2024)

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Dec. 4, 2024

Notice of Filing of Official Transcript

Dec. 4, 2024

NOTICE of Filing of Official Transcript 39 Motion to Dismiss. The parties have seven calendar days from the filing of the transcript to file a Notice of Intent to Request Redaction. The parties must also serve a copy on the court reporter. After filing the Notice of Intent to Request Redaction, a party must submit to the court reporter, within 21 calendar days of the filing of the transcript, a written statement indicating where the personal data identifiers to be redacted appear in the transcript. (Carroll, Jennifer)

40 Dec. 16, 2024

ORDER granting 30 Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim. Signed by District Judge Terrence W. Boyle on 12/13/2024. (Stouch, L.) (Entered: 12/16/2024)

Clearinghouse
41 Dec. 16, 2024

JUDGMENT - IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that defendants' joint motion to dismiss [DE 30] is GRANTED. The complaint is DISMISSED in its entirety. This case is closed. Signed by deputy clerk for Peter A. Moore, Jr., Clerk of Court on 12/16/2024. (Stouch, L.) (Entered: 12/16/2024)

Clearinghouse
42 Jan. 10, 2025

Notice of Appeal filed by Morag Black Polaski, Shawana Almendarez, North Carolina Justice For All Project as to 40 Order on Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim. Filing fee, receipt number ANCEDC-7932171. (Sherman, Paul) (Entered: 01/10/2025)

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43 Jan. 13, 2025

Transmission of Notice of Appeal and Docket Sheet to US Court of Appeals regarding 42 Notice of Appeal. (Foell, S.) (Entered: 01/13/2025)

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44 Jan. 14, 2025

US Court of Appeals Case Number 25-1038 (Ganna Aboutabl, Case Manager) as to 42 Notice of Appeal filed by Shawana Almendarez, North Carolina Justice For All Project, Morag Black Polaski. (Foell, S.) (Entered: 01/15/2025)

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45 Feb. 3, 2025

ORDER of US Court of Appeals placing this case in abeyance pending a decision by the United States Supreme Court in 360 Virtual Drone Services LLC v. Ritter, No. 24-279. Counsel shall immediately notify this court upon issuance of a decision by the Supreme Court, as to 42 Notice of Appeal filed by Shawana Almendarez, North Carolina Justice For All Project, Morag Black Polaski. (Foell, S.) (Entered: 02/03/2025)

RECAP

Case Details

State / Territory:

North Carolina

Case Type(s):

Speech and Religious Freedom

Key Dates

Filing Date: Jan. 4, 2024

Case Ongoing: Yes

Plaintiffs

Plaintiff Description:

Two North Carolina paralegals and a non-profit organization which aims to expand access to justice in the state

Plaintiff Type(s):

Non-profit NON-religious organization

Attorney Organizations:

Institute for Justice

Public Interest Lawyer: Yes

Filed Pro Se: No

Class Action Sought: No

Class Action Outcome: Not sought

Defendants

State

North Carolina

Defendant Type(s):

Jurisdiction-wide

Case Details

Causes of Action:

42 U.S.C. § 1983

Ex parte Young (federal or state officials)

Constitutional Clause(s):

Freedom of speech/association

Other Dockets:

Eastern District of North Carolina 7:24-cv-00004

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit 25-01038

Available Documents:

Any published opinion

Complaint (any)

Trial Court Docket

Outcome

Prevailing Party: Defendant

Relief Granted:

None

Source of Relief:

None

Issues

General/Misc.:

Access to lawyers or judicial system

Recommended Citation