Case: United States v. Associates National Bank

1:99-cv-00196 | U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware

Filed Date: March 29, 1999

Closed Date: Jan. 8, 2001

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Case Summary

On March 29, 1999 the Department of Justice filed a claim in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Associates National Bank of Delaware, a consumer credit card bank, alleging that it engaged in discriminatory lending practices. More specifically, the Department of Justice alleged that the defendant violated the Equal Credit Opportunity Act by discriminating on the basis of national origin. More specifically, the Department of Justice charged that Associates National Bank …

More specifically, the Department of Justice alleged that the defendant violated the Equal Credit Opportunity Act by discriminating on the basis of national origin. More specifically, the Department of Justice charged that Associates National Bank of Delaware subjected Hispanic borrowers to stricter underwriting standards and less favorable terms and conditions than those applied to non-Hispanic borrowers.

These findings were based on a report filed in March 1997 by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency after the agency completed a routine bank examination.

The plaintiff filed a proposed consent order on January 8, 2001 that was signed by the court. Under the consent order, the defendant is permanently enjoined from engaging in any act or practice that violates the Equal Credit Opportunity Act. In addition, the defendant will establish a $1.5 million compensation fund to provide damages to Hispanic borrowers who applied for for a credit card between late February 1996 and April 1997. Any remaining funds will go towards a consumer education outreach campaign to Hispanic communities.

This is the first fair lending case brought by the Department of Justice alleging discrimination in connection with credit cards.

Summary Authors

Megan Richardson (3/30/2014)

People

For PACER's information on parties and their attorneys, see: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/11156097/parties/united-states-v-associates-natl-bank/

Judge(s)

Attorney for Plaintiff

Byrd, April (Delaware)

Green, David A (Delaware)

Heffernan, Brian F. (District of Columbia)

Kinney, Judith (Delaware)

Attorney for Defendant

Klubes, Benjamin Barnet (District of Columbia)

Judge(s)

Robinson, Sue Lewis (Delaware)

Attorney for Plaintiff

Byrd, April (Delaware)

Green, David A (Delaware)

Heffernan, Brian F. (District of Columbia)

Kinney, Judith (Delaware)

Lee, Bill Lann (District of Columbia)

Magagna, Joan A. (District of Columbia)

O'Brian, Valerie R. (District of Columbia)

Reno, Janet (District of Columbia)

Rosenthal, Seth (District of Columbia)

Ross, Alexander C. (District of Columbia)

Schnee, Carl (Delaware)

Attorney for Defendant

Klubes, Benjamin Barnet (District of Columbia)

Sandler, Andrew L. (District of Columbia)

Welch, Edward P. (Delaware)

Welch, Jessica L. (Delaware)

Attorney Contact Information via CourtListener

Documents in the Clearinghouse

Documents in this case

1:99-cv-00196	Docket United States of America v. Associates National Bank	Sept. 21, 2001	Sept. 21, 2001 Docket
	Credit Card Company Sued by Justice Department for Discriminating Against Hispanics United States v. Associates National Bank No Court	March 29, 1999	March 29, 1999 Press Release
1:99-cv-00196	Settlement Agreement Between United States of America and Associates National Bank	Jan. 8, 2001	Jan. 8, 2001 Settlement Agreement
	Justice Department Settles Lending Discrimination Suit Against Associates National Bank [Press Release] No Court	Jan. 8, 2001	Jan. 8, 2001 Press Release
1:99-cv-00196	Complaint United States of America v. Associates National Bank		None Complaint
	[Case Summary] No Court		None Other

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Docket

See docket on RECAP: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/11156097/united-states-v-associates-natl-bank/

Last updated Aug. 21, 2026, 5:24 a.m.

Docket for: United States v. Associates Natl Bank

ECF Number	Date	Description	Link
1	March 29, 1999	COMPLAINT filed; Mag consent notice to pltf. (dab) (Entered: 03/29/1999)	RECAP
	March 29, 1999	No summons issued. (dab)
2	April 7, 1999	CASE assigned to Judge Sue L. Robinson . Notice to all parties. (ntl) (Entered: 04/07/1999)	RECAP
3	April 9, 1999	NOTICE of waiver of service of summons by U.S.A. (lf) (Entered: 04/13/1999)	RECAP
4	May 26, 1999	MOTION by Associates Natl Bank with Proposed Order for Heather Russell Koenig, Esq. to Appear Pro Hac Vice (lf) (Entered: 05/27/1999)	RECAP
5	May 26, 1999	MOTION by Associates Natl Bank for Andrew Sandler, Esq. to Appear Pro Hac Vice (lf) (Entered: 05/27/1999)	RECAP
6	May 26, 1999	MOTION by Associates Natl Bank for Benjamin Klubes, Esq. to Appear Pro Hac Vice (lf) (Entered: 05/27/1999)	RECAP
7	May 26, 1999	MOTION by Associates Natl Bank with Proposed Order for Donna Wilson, Esq. to Appear Pro Hac Vice (lf) (Entered: 05/27/1999)	RECAP
8	May 27, 1999	MOTION by Associates Natl Bank with Proposed Order to Dismiss (lf) (Entered: 06/02/1999)	RECAP
9	May 27, 1999	Opening Brief Filed by Associates Natl Bank [8-1] motion to Dismiss - Answer Brief due 6/10/99 (lf) (Entered: 06/02/1999)	RECAP
	May 27, 1999	So Ordered granting [7-1] motion for Donna Wilson, Esq. to Appear Pro Hac Vice, granting [6-1] motion for Benjamin Klubes, Esq. to Appear Pro Hac Vice, granting [5-1] motion for Andrew Sandler, Esq. to Appear Pro Hac Vice, granting [4-1] motion for Heather Russell Koenig, Esq. to Appear Pro Hac Vice ( signed by Judge Sue L. Robinson ) Notice to all parties. (lf)
10	June 3, 1999	ORDER setting scheduling cnf. for 6/24/99; see order for details ( signed by Judge Sue L. Robinson ) copies to: cnsl (lf) (Entered: 06/04/1999)	RECAP
11	June 3, 1999	STIPULATION with proposed order; Re: Briefing (lf) (Entered: 06/08/1999)	RECAP
	June 8, 1999	So Ordered granting [11-1] stipulation ( signed by Judge Sue L. Robinson ) Notice to all parties. (lf)
12	June 17, 1999	MOTION by U.S.A. with Proposed Order for Clay Guthridge, Esq. to Appear Pro Hac Vice (lf) (Entered: 06/21/1999)	RECAP
13	June 17, 1999	MOTION by U.S.A. with Proposed Order for Valerie O'Brian, Es.q to Appear Pro Hac Vice (lf) (Entered: 06/21/1999)	RECAP
14	June 18, 1999	Letter dated 6/18/99 from David Green, Esq. to Judge Robinson; Re: rst to be excused from participating in telecnf. scheduled for 6/24/99 (lf) (Entered: 06/23/1999)	RECAP
	June 21, 1999	So Ordered granting [13-1] motion for Valerie O'Brian, Es.q to Appear Pro Hac Vice, granting [12-1] motion for Clay Guthridge, Esq. to Appear Pro Hac Vice ( signed by Judge Sue L. Robinson ) Notice to all parties. (lf)
15	June 22, 1999	Letter dated 6/22/99 from David Green, Esq. to Judge Robinson; Re: filing proposed scheduling order (lf) (Entered: 06/23/1999)	RECAP
16	June 22, 1999	Proposed scheduling Order filed by U.S.A., Associates Natl Bank (lf) (Entered: 06/23/1999)	RECAP
17	June 24, 1999	ORDER, oral argument scheduled for 8/19/99 concerning deft's motion to dismiss ( signed by Judge Sue L. Robinson ) copies to: cnsl (lf) (Entered: 06/29/1999)	RECAP
18	July 2, 1999	NOTICE of substitution of attorney appearance for U.S.A. by Judith M. Kinney in lieu of David Green (lf) (Entered: 07/06/1999)	RECAP
19	July 2, 1999	Answer Brief Filed by U.S.A. [8-1] motion to Dismiss - Reply Brief due 7/9/99 (lf) (Entered: 07/06/1999)	RECAP
20	July 2, 1999	Appendix to Brief Filed by U.S.A. Appending [19-1] answer brief (lf) (Entered: 07/06/1999)	RECAP
21	July 21, 1999	MOTION by U.S.A. with Proposed Order for Brian Heffernan, Esq. to Appear Pro Hac Vice (lf) (Entered: 07/23/1999)	RECAP
	July 27, 1999	So Ordered granting [21-1] motion for Brian Heffernan, Esq. to Appear Pro Hac Vice ( signed by Judge Sue L. Robinson ) Notice to all parties. (lf)
22	July 28, 1999	Reply Brief Filed by Associates Natl Bank [8-1] motion to Dismiss (lf) (Entered: 07/29/1999)	RECAP
	Aug. 19, 1999	Motion hearing re: [8-1] motion to Dismiss. Robinson, J., sitting; Rptr: V. Gunning (lf)
23	Aug. 25, 1999	TRANSCRIPT filed [0-0] motion hearing for dates of 8/19/99; Rptr: V. Gunning (lf) (Entered: 08/27/1999)	RECAP
24	Sept. 2, 1999	ANSWER to Complaint by Associates Natl Bank (Attorney ), (lf) (Entered: 09/07/1999)	RECAP
25	Sept. 17, 1999	DEMAND for jury trial by U.S.A. (lf) (Entered: 09/20/1999)	RECAP
26	Sept. 28, 1999	MOTION by Associates Natl Bank for Summary Judgment Answer Brief due 10/12/99 re: [26-1] motion (lf) (Entered: 09/29/1999)	RECAP
27	Sept. 28, 1999	Opening Brief Filed by Associates Natl Bank [26-1] motion for Summary Judgment - Answer Brief due 10/12/99 (lf) (Entered: 09/29/1999)	RECAP
28	Sept. 28, 1999	Exhibits to Brief Filed by Associates Natl Bank Appending [27-1] opening brief (lf) (Entered: 09/29/1999)	RECAP
29	Oct. 7, 1999	MOTION by U.S.A. with Proposed Order for Seth Rosenthal, Esq. to Appear Pro Hac Vice (lf) (Entered: 10/08/1999)	RECAP
30	Oct. 8, 1999	CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE by Associates Natl Bank; 1st set of interrogs (lf) (Entered: 10/13/1999)	RECAP
31	Oct. 8, 1999	CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE by Associates Natl Bank; Rqst for production of documents (lf) (Entered: 10/13/1999)	RECAP
	Oct. 11, 1999	So Ordered granting [29-1] motion for Seth Rosenthal, Esq. to Appear Pro Hac Vice ( signed by Judge Sue L. Robinson ) Notice to all parties. (lf)
32	Oct. 13, 1999	JOINT STATUS REPORT AND STIPULATION regarding proposed briefing schedule with proposed order (lf) (Entered: 10/15/1999)	RECAP
33	Oct. 15, 1999	CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE by U.S.A.: Re: 1st set of continuing interrogs (lf) (Entered: 10/15/1999)	RECAP
34	Oct. 15, 1999	CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE by U.S.A.; Re: 1st rqst for production of documents and other tangible things directed to deft and 1st set of continuing interrogs (lf) (Entered: 10/15/1999)	RECAP
35	Oct. 15, 1999	CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE by U.S.A.; 1st rqst for production of documents and other tangible things (lf) (Entered: 10/15/1999)	RECAP
37	Oct. 25, 1999	CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE re U.S.A.'s resp. to deft's 1st set interrogs. & resp. to deft's 1st rqst. prod. docs. (bkb) (Entered: 11/09/1999)	RECAP
38	Oct. 25, 1999	CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE by U.S.A. (bkb) (Entered: 11/09/1999)	RECAP
36	Oct. 27, 1999	Letter to Judge Robinson fro Ms. Kinney re mot. of adm. phv. (bkb) (Entered: 11/09/1999)	RECAP
39	Oct. 27, 1999	AMENDED MOTION by U.S.A. with Proposed Order for Seth Rosenthal to Appear Pro Hac Vice re: [39-1] motion (bkb) (Entered: 11/09/1999)	RECAP
	Oct. 29, 1999	So Ordered granting [32-1] stipulation reset Scheduling Order Deadlines: Discovery deadline on 12/29/99; Deadline for filing dispositive(i.e., deft's amended sum. jgm. motion) motions by 1/18/00 ; ans. br. due 2/15/00; rply. br. due 2/29/00; SEE ORDER FOR FURTHER DETAILS. ( signed by Judge Sue L. Robinson ) Notice to all parties. (bkb)
40	Nov. 1, 1999	CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE by Associates Natl Bank re resp. to pltf's 1st set interrogs. (bkb) (Entered: 11/09/1999)	RECAP
41	Nov. 1, 1999	CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE by Associates Natl Bank re resp. & obj. to pltf's 1st rqst. prod. docs. (bkb) (Entered: 11/09/1999)	RECAP
42	Nov. 4, 1999	CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE by Associates Natl Bank RE First Supplemental Response and Objections to Pltf's First Request for Production of Documents and Other Tangible Things (dab) (Entered: 12/02/1999)	RECAP
	Nov. 10, 1999	So Ordered granting [39-1] motion for Seth Rosenthal to Appear Pro Hac Vice ( signed by Judge Sue L. Robinson ) Notice to all parties. (dab)
44	Dec. 6, 1999	CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE by U.S.A. re service of ntc. of service. (bkb) (Entered: 12/15/1999)	RECAP
45	Dec. 6, 1999	NOTICE by U.S.A. to take deposition of Fred Nutt on 12/7/99 (bkb) (Entered: 12/15/1999)	RECAP
43	Dec. 9, 1999	CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE by U.S.A. re ntc. depos. & amended ntc. depos. (bkb) (Entered: 12/15/1999)	RECAP
46	Dec. 9, 1999	AMENDED NOTICE by U.S.A. to take deposition of Fred Nutt on 12/7/99 (bkb) (Entered: 12/15/1999)	RECAP
47	Dec. 9, 1999	NOTICE by U.S.A. to take deposition of Assoc. Nat'l. Bank on 12/10/99 (bkb) (Entered: 12/15/1999)	RECAP
48	Dec. 10, 1999	CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE by U.S.A. re ntc. of depos. of Michelle Puccis on 12/13/99 (bkb) (Entered: 12/15/1999)	RECAP
49	Dec. 10, 1999	CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE by U.S.A. re ntc. depos. of Eugene Truono, et al. starting Dec. 10,1999 (bkb) (Entered: 12/15/1999)	RECAP
50	Dec. 10, 1999	CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE by U.S.A. re ntc. depo. og Jill Hughes, et al. starting 12/13/99 (bkb) (Entered: 12/15/1999)	RECAP
51	Dec. 14, 1999	CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE by U.S.A. re ntc. depos. of Patrick McCann on 12/21/99 at 1:00 p.m. (bkb) (Entered: 12/16/1999)	RECAP
52	Dec. 16, 1999	CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE by U.S.A. re ntc. depos. of Christopher Riviello at noon on 12/28/99. (bkb) (Entered: 12/17/1999)	RECAP
53	Dec. 29, 1999	CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE by Associates Natl Bank; Re: 1st rqst for admissions from pltf (lf) (Entered: 01/03/2000)	RECAP
54	Jan. 5, 2000	Steno Notes for 1/5/00; Rptr: B. Gaffigan (lf) (Entered: 01/07/2000)	RECAP
55	Jan. 5, 2000	Letter dated 1/5/00 from Michelle Morgan-Kelly to Judge Robinson; Re: Joint notice of issues for discovery hearing (lf) (Entered: 01/07/2000)	RECAP
	Jan. 5, 2000	Tele-conference held, Robinson, J., sitting; Rptr: B. Gaffigan (lf)
56	Jan. 6, 2000	JOINT NOTICE of issues for discovery hearing by U.S.A., Associates Natl Bank (lf) (Entered: 01/07/2000)	RECAP
58	Jan. 10, 2000	CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE by U.S.A.; Supplemental responses to defts 1st set of interrogs and supplemental responses to deft 1st rqst for production of documents and other tangible things (lf) (Entered: 01/13/2000)	RECAP
57	Jan. 12, 2000	Letter dated 1/12/00 from Michelle morgan Kelly, Esq. to Judge RObinson; Re: filing submission of Mr. Sandler at the direction of the court (lf) (Entered: 01/13/2000)	RECAP
59	Jan. 12, 2000	MOTION by U.S.A. with Proposed Order for Protective Order (lf) (Entered: 01/13/2000)	RECAP
60	Jan. 12, 2000	NOTICE of substitution of attorney appearance for U.S.A. by April Byrd in lieu of Judith Kinney, Esq. (lf) (Entered: 01/13/2000)	RECAP
61	Jan. 12, 2000	Letter dated 1/12/00 from April Byrd, Esq. to Judge Robinson; Re: issues as to the filing of the motion for protective order (lf) (Entered: 01/13/2000)	RECAP
62	Jan. 13, 2000	TRANSCRIPT filed [0-0] telephone conference for dates of 1/5/00; Rptr; B. Gaffigan (lf) (Entered: 01/14/2000)	RECAP
63	Jan. 13, 2000	CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE by U.S.A.; Re: Response to deft Assoc. National Bank's 1st rqst for admissions (lf) (Entered: 01/14/2000)	RECAP
64	Jan. 13, 2000	CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE by U.S.A.; Response to deft Assoc. National Bank's 1st rqst for admissions (lf) (Entered: 01/14/2000)	RECAP
67	Jan. 18, 2000	ORDER, pltf need not produce documents listed on privilege log; see order for details ( signed by Judge Sue L. Robinson ) copies to: cnsl (lf) (Entered: 01/19/2000)	RECAP
68	Jan. 18, 2000	AMENDED INITIAL MOTION by Associates Natl Bank for Summary Judgment Answer Brief due 2/1/00 re: [68-1] motion (SEALED) (lf) Modified on 01/19/2000 (Entered: 01/19/2000)	RECAP
69	Jan. 18, 2000	Opening Brief Filed by Associates Natl Bank [68-1] motion for Summary Judgment - Answer Brief due 2/1/00 (SEALED) (lf) Modified on 01/19/2000 (Entered: 01/19/2000)	RECAP
70	Jan. 18, 2000	SEALED exhibits to brief in support of amended initial motion for summary judgment of by Associates Natl Bank (SEALED) (lf) (Entered: 01/19/2000)	RECAP
71	Jan. 18, 2000	NOTICE of Exhibits to brief in support of amended initial motion for summary judgment by Associates Natl Bank (lf) (Entered: 01/19/2000)	RECAP
72	Jan. 18, 2000	DEPOSITIONS/AFFIDAVITS in support of amended initial motion for summary judgment (lf) (Entered: 01/19/2000)	RECAP
65	Jan. 19, 2000	Letter dated 1/13/00 from Michelle Morgan Kelly to Judge RObinson; Re: filing response by Mr. Sandler to Government submission of 1/12/00 (lf) (Entered: 01/19/2000)	RECAP
66	Jan. 19, 2000	Letter dated 1/13/00 from Andrew Sandler to Judge Robinson; Re: response to GOv. response of 1/12/00 (lf) (Entered: 01/19/2000)	RECAP
73	Jan. 20, 2000	REDACTED MOTION by Associates Natl Bank for Summary Judgment - Public copy (lf) (Entered: 01/21/2000)	RECAP
74	Jan. 20, 2000	REDACTED Opening Brief Filed by Associates Natl Bank (lf) (Entered: 01/21/2000)	RECAP
75	Jan. 26, 2000	Steno Notes for 1/26/00; Rptr: B. Gaffigan (lf) (Entered: 01/27/2000)	RECAP
76	Feb. 15, 2000	Answer Brief Filed by U.S.A. [68-1] motion for Summary Judgment - Reply Brief due 2/22/00 (lf) (Entered: 02/15/2000)	RECAP
77	Feb. 15, 2000	Documentary Exhibits to Brief Filed by U.S.A. Appending [76-1] answer brief (lf) (Entered: 02/15/2000)	RECAP
78	Feb. 15, 2000	NOTICE of Exhibit 55 to documentary exhibit binder by U.S.A. (SEALED) (lf) (Entered: 02/15/2000)	RECAP
79	Feb. 15, 2000	NOTICE of Exhibit 57 to Documentary Exhibits by U.S.A. (SEALED) (lf) (Entered: 02/15/2000)	RECAP
80	Feb. 15, 2000	DEPOSITION exhibits for the US brief in opposition to defts amended initial motion for summary judgment (lf) (Entered: 02/15/2000)	RECAP
81	Feb. 29, 2000	Reply Brief Filed by Associates Natl Bank [73-1] motion for Summary Judgment (lf) (Entered: 03/02/2000)	RECAP
82	Feb. 29, 2000	DEPOSITIONS for defts reply brief in support of amended initial motion for summary judgment (lf) (Entered: 03/02/2000)	RECAP
83	Feb. 29, 2000	REQUEST by U.S.A. for Oral argument on motion for summary judgment (lf) (Entered: 03/02/2000)	RECAP
84	March 20, 2000	ORDER, pltf's rqst for oral argument on deft's amended motion for summary judgment is denied ( signed by Judge Sue L. Robinson ) copies to: cnsl (lf) (Entered: 03/21/2000)	RECAP
85	Oct. 10, 2000	Letter dated 10/10/00 from Andrew Sandler, Esq. to Judge Robinson; Re: supplemental letter submission in support of ANB's pending motion for summary judgment (lf) Modified on 10/12/2000 (Entered: 10/12/2000)	RECAP
86	Oct. 13, 2000	Letter dated 10/13/00 from April Byrd, Esq. to Judge Robinson; Re: response to 10/10/00 letter to the court (lf) (Entered: 10/16/2000)	RECAP
87	Oct. 13, 2000	Letter dated 10/13/00 from Paulette Nash, Esq. to Judge RObinson; Re: US intends not to file response (lf) (Entered: 10/16/2000)	RECAP
88	Oct. 24, 2000	NOTICE of substitution of attorney appearance for U.S.A. by Judith Kinney, Esq. in place of April Byrd, Esq. (lf) (Entered: 10/26/2000)	RECAP
89	Dec. 1, 2000	ORDER, Motion Hearing set for 4:00 1/8/01 for [68-1] motion for Summary Judgment ( signed by Judge Sue L. Robinson ) copies to: cnsl. (bkb) (Entered: 12/08/2000)	RECAP
90	Dec. 22, 2000	ORDER, parties to address issues in order at oral arg. set for 1/8/01 at 4:00 p.m. regarding deft's motion for sum. judg ( signed by Judge Sue L. Robinson ) copies to: cnsl. (bkb) (Entered: 12/27/2000)	RECAP

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Case Details

State / Territory:

Delaware

Case Type(s):

Fair Housing/Lending/Insurance

Key Dates

Filing Date: March 29, 1999

Closing Date: Jan. 8, 2001

Case Ongoing: No

Plaintiffs

Plaintiff Description:

United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division, Section on Housing and Civil Enforcement.

Plaintiff Type(s):

U.S. Dept of Justice plaintiff

Attorney Organizations:

U.S. Dept. of Justice Civil Rights Division

Public Interest Lawyer: Yes

Filed Pro Se: No

Class Action Sought: No

Class Action Outcome: Not sought

Defendants

Private Entity/Person

Associates National Bank of Delaware

Defendant Type(s):

Bank or credit provider

Case Details

Causes of Action:

Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA), 15 U.S.C. § 1691

Other Dockets:

District of Delaware 1:99-cv-00196

Available Documents:

Complaint (any)

Injunctive (or Injunctive-like) Relief

Monetary Relief

Trial Court Docket

Outcome

Prevailing Party: Plaintiff OR Mixed

Relief Granted:

Damages

Injunction / Injunctive-like Settlement

Source of Relief:

Settlement

Form of Settlement:

Court Approved Settlement or Consent Decree

Content of Injunction:

Develop anti-discrimination policy

Amount Defendant Pays: $1,500,000.

Order Duration: 2001 - 2001

Issues

General/Misc.:

Predatory lending

Discrimination Area:

Lending

Discrimination Basis:

National origin discrimination

Affected National Origin/Ethnicity(s):

Hispanic

Recommended Citation

Case Summary of United States v. Associates National Bank, Civil Rights Litig. Clearinghouse, https://clearinghouse.net/case/13333/ (last updated 3/30/2014).