Case: Solutions In Hometown Connections v. Noem

8:25-cv-00885 | U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland

Filed Date: March 17, 2025

Case Ongoing

Clearinghouse coding complete

Case Summary

This case challenged the freeze of federal grant funding awarded to non-profit organizations that support or provide services related to immigration. On March 17, 2025, Solutions in Hometown Connections, Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Michigan Organizing Project d/b/a Michigan United, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia d/b/a HIAS Pennsylvania, …

This case challenged the freeze of federal grant funding awarded to non-profit organizations that support or provide services related to immigration.

On March 17, 2025, Solutions in Hometown Connections, Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Michigan Organizing Project d/b/a Michigan United, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia d/b/a HIAS Pennsylvania, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, and Instituto del Progreso Latino filed this lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland. The plaintiffs, a group of non-profit organizations that received grants from the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for citizenship and integration programs, sued the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, and Donald J. Trump, in his official capacity as President of the United States. Represented by counsel from Asian Americans Advancing Justice, LatinoJustice PRLDEF, and Democracy Forward Foundation, the plaintiffs claimed that the freeze of their grant funds was illegal. This case was assigned to District Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby. 

Since 2009, the Citizenship and Integration Grant Program (CIGP) within U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has provided support to community-based, non-profit organizations to help lawful permanent residents prepare for citizenship. The plaintiffs were recipients of these CIGP grants, using the funds to provide essential services such as English language and civics instruction, legal assistance with naturalization applications, and community space for immigrant integration. These organizations had hired staff, partnered with others, and built reputations based on the guaranteed funds. However, in February 2025, Secretary of Homeland Security Kristi Noem decided to freeze all DHS grant funds awarded to nonprofits that "touched in any way on immigration," citing President Trump’s Executive Order 14159, titled “Protecting the American People Against Invasion.” The stated reasons for the freeze included concerns about illegal activities, racially discriminatory language in some grants, and the efficient use of government resources. 

The plaintiffs argued that the freeze of grant funds (1) violated the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), (2) was contrary to law, (3) violated the separation of powers, (4) violated their Fifth Amendment Due Process rights, and (5) was ultra vires. The plaintiffs sought declaratory and injunctive relief and vacatur of final agency action. 

The complaint detailed the immediate and irreparable harm caused by the funding freeze — both generally and specifically for each plaintiff organization — including the disarray of operations, forced program cuts, staff layoffs, and damaged trust within the communities they served. The plaintiffs argued that the justifications for the freeze were illogical, especially since the CIGP grants were specifically for helping lawful permanent residents become naturalized citizens. They further asserted that the freeze violated the APA because it was arbitrary and capricious, contrary to law and the Constitution, and exceeded statutory authority. They then argued that the freeze violated the constitutional principle of separation of powers by refusing to spend funds appropriated by Congress. Lastly, they claimed that the withholding of funds without an opportunity to challenge violated their due process rights. 

Subsequently, on March 25, 2025, the plaintiffs filed a motion for a temporary restraining order, preliminary injunction, and APA § 705 stay. The plaintiffs requested immediate preliminary relief to restore the frozen funding. They emphasized the continued irreparable harm they were suffering, including the need to shrink services and lay off staff, and argued that within a month, the freeze had already significantly disrupted the plaintiffs' ability to fulfill the terms of their grants.

On April 8, 2025, the Court denied the motion as to eight of the nine plaintiffs (the "FY 23 Plaintiffs"), finding that their claims were, in essence, contract claims based on their grant agreements and seeking primarily monetary relief, over which the U.S. Court of Federal Claims has exclusive jurisdiction under the Tucker Act, thus concluding the District Court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction for those claims. The Court held the motion in abeyance for the remaining plaintiff (Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota), whose grant was funded by a different fiscal year appropriation, and directed the parties to propose next steps. 2025 WL 1103253. 

The plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on April 25th. The amended complaint alleged that the defendants' decision to terminate their grants, which occurred two days after the original complaint's motion for preliminary relief challenging the initial freeze, constituted a "dismantling" of the entire Citizenship and Integration Grant Program (CIGP). It also added a new plaintiff (Massachusetts Immigrant and Refugee Advocacy Coalition) and a new legal claim for First Amendment retaliation, alleging the termination was in response to the plaintiffs' lawsuit. The factual allegations and requested relief were updated to reflect the program's termination and its subsequent impacts on the plaintiffs. 

That same day, plaintiffs filed a motion for a preliminary injunction and an APA § 705 stay requesting that the court compel defendants to restore CIGP. Immediate relief was requested to preserve funding and allow plaintiffs to continue providing legal services while the Court considers the merits of their case. 

On May 20, 2025, the Court again denied the plaintiffs' motion for a preliminary injunction and an APA stay. In an opinion issued on May 29, the Court again found that the majority of the plaintiffs' claims were primarily contractual and thus subject to the Court of Federal Claims' exclusive jurisdiction. 2025 WL 1530318. Furthermore, the Court held that the plaintiffs' claim that the funding freeze constituted a "dismantling" of the CIPG was not a valid APA claim since the plaintiffs failed to identify a "discrete agency action upon which to base these claims” and instead challenged the defendants' entire management of the program.

On June 3, the plaintiffs appealed to the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals. The court of appeals granted the plaintiffs' motion for an accelerated briefing schedule on June 6. The case was also tentatively scheduled for oral argument in October. Back in the district court, Judge Griggsby, noting that the issues to be decided on appeal were entangled with the defendants' impending motion to dismiss, granted a stay of the case pending a decision in the Fourth Circuit.

Defendants submitted their appellate brief on July 22, arguing that the district court correctly denied the plaintiffs a preliminary injunction. 

On August 27, the Fourth Circuit case was calendared for oral argument to be held on October 23. Defendants filed a motion to postpone oral argument on October 9, in light of the government shutdown, which was denied five days later. The oral argument was held as scheduled. 

A judgment in the Fourth Circuit is pending.

Summary Authors

Ayah Elsheikh (10/26/2025)

Aanvi Jhaveri (5/1/2025)

Jeremiah Price (5/30/2025)

Related Cases

American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education v. Carter, District of Maryland (2025)

People

For PACER's information on parties and their attorneys, see: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/69748413/parties/solutions-in-hometown-connections-v-noem/


Documents in the Clearinghouse

Documents in this case
1

8:25-cv-00885

Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief and Vacatur of Final Agency Action

March 17, 2025

March 17, 2025

Complaint
30

8:25-cv-00885

Plaintiff’s Application for Temporary Restraining Order,Preliminary Injunction and APA 705 Stay

March 25, 2025

March 25, 2025

Pleading / Motion / Brief
44

8:25-cv-00885

Order on the Plaintiffs’ Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order and a Preliminary Injunction

April 8, 2025

April 8, 2025

Order/Opinion
46

8:25-cv-00885

Memorandum Opinion

April 14, 2025

April 14, 2025

Order/Opinion

2025 WL 1103253

52

8:25-cv-00885

First Amended Complaint

April 25, 2025

April 25, 2025

Complaint
53

8:25-cv-00885

Plaintiffs’ Motion for Preliminary Injunction & APA § 705 Stay

April 25, 2025

April 25, 2025

Pleading / Motion / Brief
70

8:25-cv-00885

Memorandum Opinion

May 29, 2025

May 29, 2025

Order/Opinion

2025 WL 1530318

76

8:25-cv-00885

Stay Order

Solutions in Hometown Connections v. Noem

June 11, 2025

June 11, 2025

Order/Opinion
30

25-01640

Brief for Appellees

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit

July 15, 2025

July 15, 2025

Pleading / Motion / Brief
54

25-01640

Order

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit

Oct. 14, 2025

Oct. 14, 2025

Order/Opinion

Resources

Docket

See docket on RECAP: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/69748413/solutions-in-hometown-connections-v-noem/

Last updated July 22, 2026, 4:42 a.m.

ECF Number Date Description Link
1 March 17, 2025

COMPLAINT against All Defendants ( Filing fee $ 405 receipt number AMDDC-11847497.), filed by Michigan Organizing Project, D/B/A Michigan United, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, HIAS Pennsylvania, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Central American Resource Center, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Solutions In Hometown Connections, Community Center for Immigrants Incorporated, English Skills Learning Center. (Attachments: # 1 Civil Cover Sheet, # 2 Summons Kristi Noem, # 3 Summons USAG, # 4 Summons Kika Scott, # 5 Summons USCIS, # 6 Summons DHS, # 7 Summons Trump, # 8 Summons USAO)(Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 03/17/2025)

1 Civil Cover Sheet

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2 Summons Kristi Noem

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3 Summons USAG

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4 Summons Kika Scott

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5 Summons USCIS

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6 Summons DHS

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7 Summons Trump

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8 Summons USAO

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Clearinghouse
2 March 17, 2025

NOTICE of Appearance by Bradley Girard on behalf of Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants Incorporated, English Skills Learning Center, HIAS Pennsylvania, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, D/B/A Michigan United, Solutions In Hometown Connections (Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 03/17/2025)

RECAP
3 March 17, 2025

MOTION to Appear Pro Hac Vice for Sarah M. Rich (Filing fee $100, receipt number AMDDC-11847607.) by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants Incorporated, English Skills Learning Center, HIAS Pennsylvania, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, D/B/A Michigan United, Solutions In Hometown Connections(Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 03/17/2025)

RECAP
4 March 17, 2025

MOTION to Appear Pro Hac Vice for Adnan Perwez (Filing fee $100, receipt number AMDDC-11847608.) by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants Incorporated, English Skills Learning Center, HIAS Pennsylvania, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, D/B/A Michigan United, Solutions In Hometown Connections(Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 03/17/2025)

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5 March 17, 2025

Local Rule 103.3 Disclosure Statement by Solutions In Hometown Connections (Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 03/17/2025)

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6 March 17, 2025

Local Rule 103.3 Disclosure Statement by English Skills Learning Center (Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 03/17/2025)

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7 March 17, 2025

Local Rule 103.3 Disclosure Statement by Instituto del Progreso Latino (Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 03/17/2025)

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8 March 17, 2025

Local Rule 103.3 Disclosure Statement by Michigan Organizing Project, D/B/A Michigan United (Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 03/17/2025)

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9 March 17, 2025

Local Rule 103.3 Disclosure Statement by HIAS Pennsylvania (Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 03/17/2025)

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10 March 17, 2025

Local Rule 103.3 Disclosure Statement by Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights (Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 03/17/2025)

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11 March 17, 2025

Local Rule 103.3 Disclosure Statement by Central American Resource Center (Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 03/17/2025)

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12 March 17, 2025

Local Rule 103.3 Disclosure Statement by Community Center for Immigrants Incorporated (Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 03/17/2025)

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13 March 17, 2025

Local Rule 103.3 Disclosure Statement by Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota (Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 03/17/2025)

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14 March 18, 2025

Summons Issued 60 days as to Kristi Noem, Kika Scott, Donald J. Trump, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Attorney and U.S. Attorney General (ols, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 03/18/2025)

RECAP
15 March 18, 2025

NOTICE of Case Assignment. This case has been assigned to Magistrate Judge Ajmel A. Quereshi. Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections or counsel for Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections are required to review and comply with the Magistrate Judge Direct Assignment Procedures which can be downloaded here. Pursuant to Standing Order 2019-07, which can be downloaded here, counsel has 14 days from the date of this notice to file their consent, or decline to consent to proceed before a U.S. Magistrate Judge which can be downloaded here. To file your consent, go to Civil > Other Filings > Other Documents > 25 Pct Mag - Consent to Proceed Before a Magistrate Judge. To file your declination, go to Civil > Other Filings > Other Documents > 25 Pct Mag - Decline to Proceed Before a Magistrate Judge. Failure to file a consent or declination will result in issuance of an Order to Show Cause. Please review the case management order that has been issued in this case. Magistrate Election Form due by 4/1/2025. (ols, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 03/18/2025)

RECAP
16 March 18, 2025

Magistrate Judge Direct Assignment Order. Signed by Magistrate Judge Ajmel Ahsen Quereshi on 3/18/2025. (ols, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 03/18/2025)

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17 March 18, 2025

QC NOTICE: 3 Motion to Appear Pro Hac Vice, filed by English Skills Learning Center, Solutions In Hometown Connections, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Central American Resource Center, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota needs to be modified. See attachment for details and corrective actions needed regarding missing or incomplete information. (mh4s, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 03/18/2025)

RECAP
18 March 18, 2025

PAPERLESS ORDER granting 4 Motion to Appear Pro Hac Vice on behalf of Adnan Perwez. Directing attorney Adnan Perwez to register for pro hac vice filing in the District of Maryland through PACER at https://pacer.uscourts.gov/ if attorney has not already done so. The Pro Hac Vice option must be selected when registering. Signed by Clerk on 3/18/2025. (mh4s, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 03/18/2025)

RECAP
19 March 18, 2025

CORRECTED MOTION to Appear Pro Hac Vice for Sarah M. Rich by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections. The fee has already been paid.(Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 03/18/2025)

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20 March 19, 2025

Consent/Decline to Proceed Before a US Magistrate Judge. (Entered: 03/19/2025)

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21 March 19, 2025

CASE MANAGEMENT ORDER. Signed by Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby on 3/19/2025. (mu1s, Chambers) (Entered: 03/19/2025)

RECAP
March 19, 2025

Case Reassigned to Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby. Magistrate Judge Ajmel Ahsen Quereshi no longer assigned to the case. (jf3s, Deputy Clerk)

22 March 21, 2025

PAPERLESS ORDER granting 19 Corrected Motion to Appear Pro Hac Vice on behalf of Sarah M. Rich. Directing attorney Sarah M. Rich to register for pro hac vice filing in the District of Maryland through PACER at https://pacer.uscourts.gov/ if attorney has not already done so. The Pro Hac Vice option must be selected when registering. Signed by Clerk on 3/21/2025. (mh4s, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 03/21/2025)

RECAP
23 March 21, 2025

NOTICE by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections of intent to file motion (Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 03/21/2025)

RECAP
24 March 21, 2025

ORDER Scheduling Telephonic Status Conference. Signed by Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby on 3/21/2025. (ols, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 03/21/2025)

RECAP
25 March 24, 2025

NOTICE of Appearance by Jessica F Dillon on behalf of All Defendants (Dillon, Jessica) (Entered: 03/24/2025)

RECAP
26 March 24, 2025

SUMMONS Returned Executed by Michigan Organizing Project, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Central American Resource Center, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Solutions In Hometown Connections, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center. Kristi Noem served on 3/21/2025, answer due 5/20/2025; Kika Scott served on 3/21/2025, answer due 5/20/2025; Donald J. Trump served on 3/21/2025, answer due 5/20/2025; U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services served on 3/21/2025, answer due 5/20/2025; U.S. Department of Homeland Security served on 3/21/2025, answer due 5/20/2025. (Attachments: # 1 Scott Affidavit, # 2 Trump Affidavit, # 3 USCIS Affidavit, # 4 DHS Affidavit, # 5 Bondi Affidavit, # 6 O'Hayes Affidavit)(Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 03/24/2025)

RECAP
27 March 24, 2025

NOTICE of Appearance by Rebecca Ann Koch on behalf of All Defendants (Koch, Rebecca) (Entered: 03/24/2025)

RECAP
28 March 24, 2025

Telephonic Status Conference held on 3/24/2025 before Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby. (FTR - Derro - 4B) (tds, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 03/24/2025)

RECAP
29 March 24, 2025

SCHEDULING ORDER re briefing of Plaintiffs' motion for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction. Signed by Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby on 3/24/2025. (dass, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 03/24/2025)

RECAP
30 March 25, 2025

MOTION for Preliminary Injunction Temporary Restraining Order, and APA § 705 Stay by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections (Attachments: # 1 Memorandum in Support, # 2 Proposed Order, # 3 Exhibits)(Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 03/25/2025)

1

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3

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Clearinghouse
31 March 28, 2025

NOTICE by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections of grant terminations (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit Grant termination email, # 2 Exhibit SHC termination, # 3 Exhibit CARECEN termination, # 4 Exhibit CHIRLA termination, # 5 Exhibit CCI termination, # 6 Exhibit ESLC termination, # 7 Exhibit Mich. United termination, # 8 Exhibit HIAS PA termination, # 9 Exhibit ILCM termination, # 10 Exhibit IDPL termination, # 11 Exhibit S. Rich declaration)(Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 03/28/2025)

RECAP
32 April 1, 2025

RESPONSE in Opposition re 30 MOTION for Preliminary Injunction Temporary Restraining Order, and APA § 705 Stay filed by Kristi Noem, Kika Scott, Donald J. Trump, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit P, # 2 Exhibit Q, # 3 Exhibit R, # 4 Exhibit S, # 5 Exhibit T, # 6 Exhibit U, # 7 Exhibit V, # 8 Exhibit W, # 9 Exhibit X, # 10 Exhibit Y, # 11 Text of Proposed Order)(Dillon, Jessica) (Entered: 04/01/2025)

RECAP
33 April 3, 2025

ORDER setting hearing on Plaintiffs' Motion for TRO; setting time allotments for oral argument; directing parties to be prepared to address issues set forth. Signed by Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby on 4/3/2025. (dass, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 04/03/2025)

RECAP
34 April 3, 2025

NOTICE of Appearance by Niyati Shah on behalf of All Plaintiffs (Shah, Niyati) (Entered: 04/03/2025)

RECAP
35 April 4, 2025

MOTION to Appear Pro Hac Vice for Shalaka Phadnis (Filing fee $100, receipt number AMDDC-11890954.) by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections(Shah, Niyati) (Entered: 04/04/2025)

RECAP
36 April 4, 2025

REPLY to Response to Motion re 30 MOTION for Preliminary Injunction Temporary Restraining Order, and APA § 705 Stay filed by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit)(Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 04/05/2025)

RECAP
37 April 6, 2025

NOTICE by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections re 36 Reply to Response to Motion,, Filing of Corrected Exhibits (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit Z, # 2 Exhibit AA)(Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 04/06/2025)

RECAP
38 April 6, 2025

Joint MOTION for Other Relief simultaneous supplemental briefing to address Department of Education v. California by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections (Attachments: # 1 Attachment, # 2 Text of Proposed Order)(Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 04/06/2025)

RECAP
39 April 7, 2025

PAPERLESS ORDER granting 38 Joint MOTION for Other Relief simultaneous supplemental briefing to address Department of Education v. California; supplemental briefs due at 5pm on April 7, 2025. Signed by Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby on 4/7/2025. (mu1s, Chambers) (Entered: 04/07/2025)

RECAP
40 April 7, 2025

Supplement to 32 Response in Opposition to Motion,, filed by Kristi Noem, Kika Scott, Donald J. Trump, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, U.S. Department of Homeland Security (Dillon, Jessica) (Entered: 04/07/2025)

RECAP
41 April 7, 2025

QC NOTICE: 35 Motion to Appear Pro Hac Vice, filed by English Skills Learning Center, Solutions In Hometown Connections, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Central American Resource Center, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota needs to be modified. See attachment for details and corrective actions needed regarding the signature(s) on the motion. (mh4s, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 04/07/2025)

RECAP
42 April 7, 2025

NOTICE by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections addressing supreme court's decision in Dept of Ed v. California (Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 04/07/2025)

RECAP
43 April 8, 2025

Motion Hearing held on 4/8/2025 re 30 MOTION for Preliminary Injunction Temporary Restraining Order, and APA § 705 Stay, before Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby.(Court Reporter: Patricia Klepp - 4B) (hcs, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 04/08/2025)

RECAP
44 April 8, 2025

ORDER re 30 MOTION for Preliminary Injunction Temporary Restraining Order, and APA § 705 Stay filed by English Skills Learning Center, Solutions In Hometown Connections, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Central American Resource Center, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota; directing parties to FILE a joint status report on or before April 15, 2025. Signed by Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby on 4/8/2025. (ybs, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 04/08/2025)

Clearinghouse
45 April 10, 2025

NOTICE OF FILING OF OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT of Proceedings held on 4/8/25, before Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby. Court Reporter/Transcriber Patricia Klepp, Telephone number 3013443228. Total number of pages filed: 83. Transcript may be viewed at the court public terminal or purchased through the Court Reporter/Transcriber before the deadline for Release of Transcript Restriction. After that date it may be obtained from the Court Reporter or through PACER. Redaction Request due 5/1/2025. Redacted Transcript Deadline set for 5/12/2025. Release of Transcript Restriction set for 7/9/2025. (Entered: 04/10/2025)

RECAP
46 April 14, 2025

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby on 4/14/2025. (mu1s, Chambers) (Entered: 04/14/2025)

Clearinghouse
47 April 15, 2025

Joint MOTION for Extension of Time to file joint status report by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections (Attachments: # 1 Text of Proposed Order)(Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 04/15/2025)

RECAP
48 April 16, 2025

SCHEDULING ORDER granting 47 Joint Motion for Extension of Time to File Joint Status Report; setting deadline for Joint Status Report. Signed by Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby on 4/16/2025. (dass, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 04/16/2025)

RECAP
49 April 17, 2025

Status Report Submitted (as to all parties) by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections (Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 04/17/2025)

RECAP
50 April 18, 2025

SCHEDULING ORDER setting deadlines for filing of Amended Complaint and Motion for Preliminary Hearing, Response in opposition, and Reply Brief. Signed by Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby on 4/18/2025. (dass, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 04/18/2025)

RECAP
51 April 25, 2025

CORRECTED MOTION to Appear Pro Hac Vice for Shalaka Phadnis by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections. The fee has already been paid.(Shah, Niyati) (Entered: 04/25/2025)

RECAP
52 April 25, 2025

AMENDED COMPLAINT against Kristi Noem, Kika Scott, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, filed by Michigan Organizing Project, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Central American Resource Center, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Solutions In Hometown Connections, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center. (Attachments: # 1 Attachment redlined complaint)(Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 04/25/2025)

1 Attachment redlined complaint

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Clearinghouse
53 April 25, 2025

MOTION for Preliminary Injunction by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections (Attachments: # 1 Memorandum in Support, # 2 Exhibit SHC Decl., # 3 Exhibit CARECEN Decl., # 4 Exhibit CHIRLA Decl., # 5 Exhibit CCI Decl., # 6 Exhibit ESLC Decl., # 7 Exhibit Mich. United Decl., # 8 Exhibit HIAS PA Decl., # 9 Exhibit ILCM Decl., # 10 Exhibit IDPL Decl., # 11 Exhibit MIRA Decl., # 12 Text of Proposed Order)(Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 04/25/2025)

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Clearinghouse
54 April 29, 2025

PAPERLESS ORDER granting 51 Corrected Motion to Appear Pro Hac Vice on behalf of Shalaka Phadnis. Directing attorney Shalaka Phadnis to register for pro hac vice filing in the District of Maryland through PACER at https://pacer.uscourts.gov/ if attorney has not already done so. The Pro Hac Vice option must be selected when registering. Signed by Clerk on 4/29/2025. (mh4s, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 04/29/2025)

RECAP
55 May 1, 2025

MOTION to Appear Pro Hac Vice for Jose Perez (Filing fee $100, receipt number AMDDC-11948057.) by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections(Shah, Niyati) (Entered: 05/01/2025)

RECAP
56 May 1, 2025

MOTION to Appear Pro Hac Vice for Nickole Durbin-Felix (Filing fee $100, receipt number AMDDC-11948088.) by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections(Shah, Niyati) (Entered: 05/01/2025)

RECAP
57 May 1, 2025

MOTION to Appear Pro Hac Vice for Rex Chen (Filing fee $100, receipt number AMDDC-11948116.) by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections(Shah, Niyati) (Entered: 05/01/2025)

RECAP
58 May 1, 2025

Consent MOTION to Amend/Correct 50 Order Scheduling Order by Kristi Noem, Kika Scott, Donald J. Trump, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, U.S. Department of Homeland Security (Attachments: # 1 Text of Proposed Order)(Dillon, Jessica) (Entered: 05/01/2025)

RECAP
59 May 2, 2025

SCHEDULING ORDER modifying 50 Scheduling Order setting deadlines; hearing on motion scheduled for May 20, 2025, at 10:00 a.m. Signed by Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby on 5/2/2025. (bw5s, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 05/02/2025)

RECAP
60 May 2, 2025

PAPERLESS ORDER granting 55 Motion to Appear Pro Hac Vice on behalf of Jose Luis Perez. Directing attorney Jose Luis Perez to register for pro hac vice filing in the District of Maryland through PACER at https://pacer.uscourts.gov/ if attorney has not already done so. The Pro Hac Vice option must be selected when registering. Signed by Clerk on 5/2/2025. (mh4s, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 05/02/2025)

RECAP
61 May 2, 2025

PAPERLESS ORDER granting 56 Motion to Appear Pro Hac Vice on behalf of Nickole Durbin-Felix. Directing attorney Nickole Durbin-Felix to register for pro hac vice filing in the District of Maryland through PACER at https://pacer.uscourts.gov/ if attorney has not already done so. The Pro Hac Vice option must be selected when registering. Signed by Clerk on 5/2/2025. (mh4s, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 05/02/2025)

RECAP
62 May 2, 2025

PAPERLESS ORDER granting 57 Motion to Appear Pro Hac Vice on behalf of Rex Chen. Directing attorney Rex Chen to register for pro hac vice filing in the District of Maryland through PACER at https://pacer.uscourts.gov/ if attorney has not already done so. The Pro Hac Vice option must be selected when registering. Signed by Clerk on 5/2/2025. (mh4s, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 05/02/2025)

RECAP
63 May 6, 2025

RESPONSE in Opposition re 53 MOTION for Preliminary Injunction filed by Kristi Noem, Kika Scott, Donald J. Trump, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit K, # 2 Exhibit L, # 3 Exhibit M, # 4 Text of Proposed Order)(Dillon, Jessica) (Entered: 05/06/2025)

RECAP
64 May 8, 2025

Consent MOTION for Extension of Time by Kristi Noem, Kika Scott, Donald J. Trump, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, U.S. Department of Homeland Security (Attachments: # 1 Text of Proposed Order)(Dillon, Jessica) (Entered: 05/08/2025)

1 Text of Proposed Order

View on PACER

RECAP
65 May 12, 2025

NOTICE by Kristi Noem, Kika Scott, Donald J. Trump, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, U.S. Department of Homeland Security of Supplemental Authority (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit 1, # 2 Exhibit 2)(Koch, Rebecca) (Entered: 05/12/2025)

RECAP
66 May 12, 2025

REPLY to Response to Motion re 53 MOTION for Preliminary Injunction filed by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections.(Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 05/12/2025)

RECAP
67 May 20, 2025

Motion Hearing held on 5/20/2025 re 53 MOTION for Preliminary Injunction before Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby.(Court Reporter: Paula Leeper - 4B) (hcs, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 05/20/2025)

RECAP
68 May 20, 2025

ORDER denying Plaintiffs' 53 Renewed Motion for a Preliminary Injunction and APA Stay, for reasons stated during hearing; directing a written Memorandum Opinion consistent with this Order shall issue. Signed by Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby on 5/20/2025. (dass, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 05/20/2025)

RECAP
69 May 29, 2025

FILED IN ERROR - NOTICE OF FILING OF OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT of Proceedings- Preliminary Injunction - held on 5/20/2025, before Judge Lydia Griggsby. Court Reporter/Transcriber Paula Leeper, Telephone number (301)344-3229. Total number of pages filed: 111. Transcript may be viewed at the court public terminal or purchased through the Court Reporter/Transcriber before the deadline for Release of Transcript Restriction. After that date it may be obtained from the Court Reporter or through PACER. Redaction Request due 6/20/2025. Redacted Transcript Deadline set for 6/30/2025. Release of Transcript Restriction set for 8/27/2025.(pl, Court Reporter) Modified on 6/10/2025 (pl). (Entered: 05/29/2025)

RECAP
70 May 29, 2025

MEMORANDUM OPINION re 68 Order. Signed by Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby on 5/29/2025. (dass, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 05/29/2025)

Clearinghouse
71 May 30, 2025

SCHEDULING ORDER granting 64 Consent Motion for Extension of Time re briefing schedule for Defendants' motion to dismiss. Signed by Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby on 5/30/2025. (dass, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 05/30/2025)

RECAP
72 June 2, 2025

NOTICE OF APPEAL as to 68 Order on Motion for Preliminary Injunction, 70 Memorandum Opinion by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections. Filing fee $ 605, receipt number AMDDC-12015643.(Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 06/02/2025)

RECAP
73 June 3, 2025

Transmission of Notice of Appeal and Docket Sheet to US Court of Appeals re 72 Notice of Appeal. IMPORTANT NOTICE: To access forms which you are required to file with the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit please go to http://www.ca4.uscourts.gov and click on Forms & Notices.(slss, Deputy Clerk) (Additional attachment(s) added on 6/3/2025: # 1 Corrected Transmittal) (slss). (Entered: 06/03/2025)

1 Corrected Transmittal

View on PACER

RECAP
74 June 5, 2025

USCA Case Number 25-1640 for 72 Notice of Appeal, filed by English Skills Learning Center, Solutions In Hometown Connections, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Central American Resource Center, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota - Case Manager - Karen Stump. (slss, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 06/05/2025)

RECAP
75 June 10, 2025

Joint MOTION to Stay by Kristi Noem, Kika Scott, Donald J. Trump, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, U.S. Department of Homeland Security (Attachments: # 1 Text of Proposed Order)(Dillon, Jessica) (Entered: 06/10/2025)

1 Text of Proposed Order

View on PACER

RECAP
76 June 11, 2025

STAY ORDER granting 75 Motion to Stay as set forth; setting deadline for parties to file a Joint Status Report. Signed by Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby on 6/11/2025. (dass, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 06/11/2025)

Clearinghouse
77 June 12, 2025

NOTICE OF FILING OF OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT of Proceedings - PI Transcript - held on 5/20/2025, before Judge Lydia K. Griggsby. Court Reporter/Transcriber Paula Leeper, Telephone number (301)344-3229. Total number of pages filed: 111. Transcript may be viewed at the court public terminal or purchased through the Court Reporter/Transcriber before the deadline for Release of Transcript Restriction. After that date it may be obtained from the Court Reporter or through PACER. Redaction Request due 7/3/2025. Redacted Transcript Deadline set for 7/14/2025. Release of Transcript Restriction set for 9/10/2025.(pl, Court Reporter) (Entered: 06/12/2025)

RECAP
78 Dec. 1, 2025

MOTION to Withdraw as Attorney Nickole Durbin-Felix by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections (Attachments: # 1 Text of Proposed Order Proposed Order on Motion to Withdraw)(Durbin-Felix, Nickole) (Entered: 12/01/2025)

1 Text of Proposed Order Proposed Order on Motion to Withdraw

View on PACER

RECAP
79 Dec. 4, 2025

PAPERLESS ORDER granting 78 Motion to Withdraw as Attorney. Attorney Nickole Durbin-Felix terminated. Signed by Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby on 12/4/2025. (mu1s, Chambers) (Entered: 12/04/2025)

RECAP
80 Jan. 23, 2026

JUDGMENT of USCA (certified copy) Affirming the Judgment of the District Court as to 72 Notice of Appeal, filed by English Skills Learning Center, Solutions In Hometown Connections, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Central American Resource Center, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota. (Attachments: # 1 Notice of Judgment, # 2 Opinion)(slss, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 01/23/2026)

1 Notice of Judgment

View on PACER

2 Opinion

View on PACER

RECAP
81 Feb. 11, 2026

ORDER denying as moot 30 Motion for Preliminary Injunction/TRO. Signed by Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby on 2/11/2026. (dass, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 02/11/2026)

RECAP
82 March 17, 2026

MANDATE of USCA as to 72 Notice of Appeal, filed by English Skills Learning Center, Solutions In Hometown Connections, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Central American Resource Center and Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota. (slss, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 03/17/2026)

RECAP
83 April 20, 2026

NOTICE by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections of joint status report. (Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 04/20/2026)

RECAP
84 May 4, 2026

NOTICE by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections of status report (Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 05/04/2026)

RECAP
85 May 18, 2026

NOTICE by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections of Joint Status Report (Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 05/18/2026)

RECAP
86 May 19, 2026

QC NOTICE: 84 Notice (Other), and 85 Notice (Other), filed by Plaintiffs were filed incorrectly. **The correct event is "Status Report" found in Civil Events - Other Filings - Other Documents. Please note for future. Thank you. (dass, Deputy Clerk) (Entered: 05/19/2026)

RECAP
87 June 1, 2026

STATUS REPORT by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections(Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 06/01/2026)

RECAP
88 June 10, 2026

STIPULATION of Dismissal (partial voluntary dismissal) by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Community Center for Immigrants, Inc., English Skills Learning Center, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society and Council Migration Service of Philadelphia, Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota, Instituto del Progreso Latino, Michigan Organizing Project, Solutions In Hometown Connections(Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 06/10/2026)

RECAP
89 June 24, 2026

Joint MOTION for Other Relief to set briefing schedule by Central American Resource Center, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, Solutions In Hometown Connections (Attachments: # 1 Text of Proposed Order)(Girard, Bradley) (Entered: 06/24/2026)

RECAP

Case Details

State / Territory:

Maryland

Case Type(s):

Immigration and/or the Border

Presidential/Gubernatorial Authority

Special Collection(s):

Trump Administration 2.0: Challenges to the Government

Key Dates

Filing Date: March 17, 2025

Case Ongoing: Yes

Plaintiffs

Plaintiff Description:

A group of nine non-profit organizations that received grants from the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for citizenship and integration programs.

Plaintiff Type(s):

Non-profit NON-religious organization

Attorney Organizations:

Asian Americans Advancing Justice | AAJC

Democracy Forward

LatinoJustice PRLDEF

Public Interest Lawyer: Yes

Filed Pro Se: No

Class Action Sought: No

Class Action Outcome: Not sought

Defendants

Federal

President Donald Trump

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

U.S. Department of Homeland Security

Defendant Type(s):

Jurisdiction-wide

Case Details

Causes of Action:

Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 551 et seq.

Constitutional Clause(s):

Due Process

Freedom of speech/association

Separation of Powers

Other Dockets:

District of Maryland 8:25-cv-00885

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit 25-01640

Available Documents:

Any published opinion

Complaint (any)

Trial Court Docket

Outcome

Prevailing Party: None Yet / None

Relief Granted:

None yet

Source of Relief:

None yet

Content of Injunction:

Preliminary relief denied

Issues

General/Misc.:

Discharge & termination plans

Funding

Government services

Immigration/Border:

Constitutional rights

Status/Classification

U.S. citizenship - acquiring

Presidential/Gubernatorial Authority:

Civil Service

Impoundment (mandatory spending)

Recommended Citation