Case: Webber v. U.S. Department of Homeland Security

4:25-cv-00026 | U.S. District Court for the District of Montana

Filed Date: April 4, 2025

Case Ongoing

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Case Summary

This case raises urgent questions about the scope of presidential authority over trade and the constitutional rights of Indigenous communities living along the U.S.–Canada border. On April 4, 2025, two members of the Blackfeet Nation—Montana State Senator Susan Webber and rancher Jonathan St. Goddard—filed suit in the United States District Court for the District of Montana against the United States, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and DHS Secretary Kristi Noem, in her official capacity. Represented by private counsel, plaintiffs challenged a series of executive actions issued by President Donald Trump that imposed tariffs on goods entering from Canada. The plaintiffs argue that the tariffs unlawfully burden commerce and travel essential to Blackfeet citizens and violate longstanding treaty protections and constitutional guarantees.

The challenged actions include multiple executive orders and proclamations—collectively referred to as the “Canada Orders.” These include: (1) Executive Order 14193 (Feb. 1, 2025), which declared a national emergency and imposed tariffs under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA); (2) Proclamations 10895 and 10896, which levied 25% tariffs on aluminum and steel under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act; and (3) Executive Order 14257 (Apr. 2, 2025), which introduced reciprocal tariffs to counter perceived trade imbalances. Plaintiffs claim these measures, which apply universally without exemptions for Indigenous trade, violate constitutional principles and federal treaties.

The plaintiffs assert multiple legal theories. First, they argue that the President lacked statutory authority to impose tariffs of this scale and scope. Specifically, they contend that IEEPA does not authorize universal tariffs unrelated to a clear foreign threat and that the Trade Expansion Act's delegation of power under Section 232 cannot justify these broad economic measures. Second, they allege that the executive actions violate the separation of powers by encroaching on Congress’s exclusive authority over foreign commerce under Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution.

In addition to constitutional structure, the plaintiffs raise claims under the Due Process Clause. They argue that the tariffs impose arbitrary and sweeping economic burdens without procedural safeguards or individualized assessment. The complaint also references historical protections under the Jay Treaty of 1794, the Treaty of Ghent (1814), and early federal tariff acts that explicitly exempted Indigenous trade from duties. The plaintiffs maintain that these protections remain valid, self-executing treaty rights that predate and override later conflicting executive actions.

To support their claims, the plaintiffs filed declarations and affidavits documenting the concrete harms caused by the tariffs. These include rising business costs, lost tourism income, and disrupted family and trade relations across the northern border. In particular, Senator Webber emphasized the disproportionate impact on the Blackfeet Nation, whose homelands, commerce, and kinship networks span both sides of the U.S.–Canada border.

Plaintiffs sought declaratory and injunctive relief. Specifically, they asked the Court to declare key portions of the Canada Orders unconstitutional, enjoin their enforcement, and, alternatively, exempt tribally enrolled members or tribal border crossings from the tariffs. They also sought attorneys’ fees and any other relief deemed just and proper.

This case was assigned to U.S. District Judge Dana L. Christensen. On April 4, 2025, Plaintiffs filed a motion for a preliminary and permanent injunction. On April 11, they filed an amended complaint adding four additional plaintiffs: Ryan Biederman, Andrea Bocanegra, David Greer, and Lisa Ruelas. On April 14, the government moved to transfer the case to the U.S. Court of International Trade and requested a stay of proceedings pending that decision. Plaintiffs opposed both motions, arguing that their constitutional and treaty-based claims require resolution in a federal district court with jurisdiction over constitutional and equitable claims.

On April 21, 2025, the Montana Farmers Union (MFU) moved the court to intervene as a party-plaintiff.

On April 25, 2025, the court granted the defendants' motion to transfer the case to the U.S. Court of International Trade and denied their motion to stay as moot. Plaintiffs immediately appealed the transfer order to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and filed a motion in the district court for a preliminary injunction pending appeal. On April 28, plaintiffs moved for reconsideration of the transfer order. That same day, the district court denied their request for a preliminary injunction pending appeal.

In the Court of Appeals, plaintiff-appellants filed a motion for injunctive relief on May 1, 2025. Defendant-appellees filed a motion to dismiss that same day. On May 23, the court denied the motion to dismiss without prejudice and ordered that all appellate proceedings, except for mediation, be stayed pending the district court's ruling on the timely tolling motion filed on April 28, 2025.

On June 2, the district court denied plaintiffs' motion for reconsideration. Following this, plaintiffs filed a motion to expedite in the Court of Appeals, arguing that the stay previously entered was moot in light of the district court's ruling. They requested that the Court of Appeals set an expedited briefing schedule on the merits of their appeal and grant their fully briefed motion for a preliminary injunction. The motion for an expedited briefing schedule was granted on June 18.

This case is ongoing.

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Summary Authors

Karma Karira (4/21/2025)

Emma Vayda (6/13/2025)

Madeline Kaplan (9/17/2025)

People

For PACER's information on parties and their attorneys, see: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/69845990/parties/webber-v-us-department-of-homeland-security/

Judge(s)

Christensen, Dana Lewis (Montana)

Johnston, John T. (Montana)

Attorney for Plaintiff

Attorney for Defendant

Attorney, Daniel L.

Attorney, Mr. Luke

Hinshelwood, Mr. Bradley

Judge(s)

Christensen, Dana Lewis (Montana)

Johnston, John T. (Montana)

Attorney for Plaintiff

Tranel, Monica (Montana)

Attorney for Defendant

Attorney, Daniel L.

Attorney, Mr. Luke

Hinshelwood, Mr. Bradley

Mathers, Luke (Montana)

Raab, Mr. Michael

Shams, Miss Sophia

Welch, Sarah

Attorney Contact Information via CourtListener

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Documents in the Clearinghouse

	Document
4 4:25-cv-00026	Brief in Support of Motion for Preliminary and Permanent Injunction	April 4, 2025	April 4, 2025 Pleading / Motion / Brief
1 4:25-cv-00026	Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief	April 4, 2025	April 4, 2025 Complaint
15 4:25-cv-00026	First Amended Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief	April 11, 2025	April 11, 2025 Complaint
32 4:25-cv-00026	Brief in Support of Motion to Intervene by Montana Farmers Union	April 21, 2025	April 21, 2025 Pleading / Motion / Brief
40 4:25-cv-00026	Order	April 25, 2025	April 25, 2025 Order/Opinion 2025 WL 1207587
47 4:25-cv-00026	Order	April 28, 2025	April 28, 2025 Order/Opinion 2025 WL 1222175
19 25-02717	Order Webber v. United States Department of Homeland Security U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit	May 23, 2025	May 23, 2025 Order/Opinion
58 4:25-cv-00026	Order	June 2, 2025	June 2, 2025 Order/Opinion 2025 WL 1555218
20-1 25-02717	Appellant's Motion for Expedited Briefing Schedule U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit	June 2, 2025	June 2, 2025 Pleading / Motion / Brief
52 25-02717	[Untitled]	Sept. 4, 2025	Sept. 4, 2025

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Resources

Title	Description		External URL Date / External URL
EO 14257 - Regulating Imports With a Reciprocal Tariff to Rectify Trade Practices That Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits President Donald Trump	Declaring national emergency with respect to a lack of reciprocity in bilateral trade relationships and disparate tariff rates and non-tariff barriers; Invoking the authority of the International Eme…	April 2, 2025	April 2, 2025 https://www.federalregister.gov/...
EO 14231 - Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border President Donald Trump	Clarify that goods with tariff rates specified in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States will not be subject to an additional 25% or 10% tariff rate as laid out in Executive Order 14193.	March 6, 2025	March 6, 2025 https://www.federalregister.gov/...
Proclamation 10896 - Adjusting Imports of Steel Into the United States President Donald Trump	Imposing a 25% tariff on steel goods imported to the United States.	Feb. 10, 2025	Feb. 10, 2025 https://www.federalregister.gov/...
Proclamation 10895 - Adjusting Imports of Aluminum Into the United States President Donald Trump	Imposing a 25% tariff on aluminum goods imported to the United States.	Feb. 10, 2025	Feb. 10, 2025 https://www.federalregister.gov/...
EO 14197 - Progress on the Situation at Our Northern Border President Donald Trump	Pausing the imposition a 25% tariff on Canadian goods for consumption and a 10% tariff on Canadian energy and energy sources, under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, until March 4, 202…	Feb. 3, 2025	Feb. 3, 2025 https://www.federalregister.gov/...
EO 14193 - Imposing Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border President Donald Trump	Declaring a national emergency on the US-Canada border, and, under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, imposing a 25% tariff on Canadian goods for consumption and a 10% tariff on Canadia…	Feb. 1, 2025	Feb. 1, 2025 https://www.federalregister.gov/...

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Docket

See docket on RECAP: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/69845990/webber-v-us-department-of-homeland-security/

Last updated Sept. 25, 2025, 7:11 p.m.

ECF Number	Description	Date	Link Date / Link
1	COMPLAINT against Kristi Noem, The United States of America, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, filed by Susan Webber, Jonathan St. Goddard. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit Declaration of Susan Webber, # 2 Exhibit Declaration of Jonathan St. Goddard, # 3 Civil Cover Sheet, # 4 Text of Proposed Order Proposed Summons, # 5 Text of Proposed Order Proposed Summons) (KJC) (Entered: 04/04/2025) 1 Exhibit Declaration of Susan Webber View on PACER 2 Exhibit Declaration of Jonathan St. Goddard View on PACER 3 Civil Cover Sheet View on PACER 4 # (4) Text of Proposed Order Proposed Summons View on PACER 5 # (5) Text of Proposed Order Proposed Summons View on PACER	April 4, 2025	April 4, 2025 Clearinghouse
2	Summons Issued as to The United States of America, U.S. Attorney and U.S. Attorney General. Issued summons may be downloaded and printed by counsel for service. (Attachments: # 1 Kristi Noem Summons) (KJC). (Entered: 04/04/2025)	April 4, 2025	April 4, 2025 PACER
3	MOTION for Preliminary and Permanent Injunction. Monica Tranel appearing for Plaintiffs Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber. (Tranel, Monica) Modified on 4/7/2025 to update motion event (ACC). Added MOTION for Permanent Injunction on 4/7/2025 (ACC). (Entered: 04/04/2025)	April 4, 2025	April 4, 2025 PACER
4	Brief/Memorandum in Support re 3 MOTION for Preliminary and Permanent Injunction. Monica Tranel appearing for Plaintiffs Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber. (Tranel, Monica) Modified on 4/7/2025 to term doc as a motion and update text(ACC). (Entered: 04/04/2025)	April 4, 2025	April 4, 2025 Clearinghouse
5	AFFIDAVIT/DECLARATION re 4 Brief/Memorandum in Support re 3 MOTION for Preliminary and Permanent Injunction by Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber. (Attachments: # 1 Affidavit, # 2 Affidavit, # 3 Affidavit) (Tranel, Monica) Modified on 4/7/2025 to update text (ACC). (Entered: 04/04/2025) 1 Affidavit View on PACER 2 Affidavit View on PACER 3 Affidavit View on PACER	April 4, 2025	April 4, 2025 PACER
	Filing Fee Received	April 4, 2025	April 4, 2025 PACER
	Filing fee: $ 405, receipt number AMTDC-3458632 (KJC)	April 4, 2025	April 4, 2025 PACER
6	Notice of Correction: re 4 MOTION for Declaratory Judgment Brief in Support of Motion. The filing error relates to: Incorrect Docket Event used. See the attached document for a brief description of the error made. (ACC) (Entered: 04/07/2025)	April 7, 2025	April 7, 2025 PACER
7	AFFIDAVIT/DECLARATION re 5 Affidavit/Declaration, Vernon Finley by Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber. (Tranel, Monica) (Entered: 04/08/2025)	April 8, 2025	April 8, 2025 RECAP
8	AFFIDAVIT/DECLARATION of Monica Tranel by Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber. (Tranel, Monica) (Entered: 04/08/2025)	April 8, 2025	April 8, 2025 PACER
9	Evidentiary Material Exhibits of Executive Action filed by Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber re: 8 Affidavit/Declaration. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit Feb 1 Fact Sheet, # 2 Exhibit Proclamation 10895, # 3 Exhibit Proclamation 10896, # 4 Exhibit Feb 13 Fact Sheet, # 5 Exhibit March 3 Fact Sheet, # 6 Exhibit March 6 Fact Sheet, # 7 Exhibit March 26 Fact Sheet, # 8 Exhibit April 2 Fact Sheet, # 9 Exhibit Executive Order 14193, # 10 Exhibit Executive Order 14197, # 11 Exhibit Executive Order 14231, # 12 Exhibit Executive Order 14257) (Tranel, Monica) (Entered: 04/08/2025)	April 8, 2025	April 8, 2025 PACER
10	NOTICE of Appearance by Luke Mathers on behalf of All Defendants (Mathers, Luke) (Entered: 04/09/2025)	April 9, 2025	April 9, 2025 PACER
11	Service of Notification of Assignment to Magistrate Judge form. Objection to USMJ Form due by 4/23/2025. (ACC) (Entered: 04/09/2025)	April 9, 2025	April 9, 2025 PACER
12	ORDER REASSIGNING CASE. Case reassigned to Judge Dana L. Christensen for all further proceedings. Magistrate Judge John Johnston no longer assigned to case. Signed by Judge Brian Morris on 4/10/2025. (MMS) (Entered: 04/10/2025)	April 10, 2025	April 10, 2025 RECAP
13	Remark: Parties are advised to disregard the Clerk's Notification of Assignment Form 11, as this case has been reassigned to an Article III. (MMS) (Entered: 04/10/2025)	April 10, 2025	April 10, 2025 PACER
14	ORDER Setting Hearing re MOTION 3 for Preliminary and Permanent Injunction filed by Jonathan St. Goddard and Susan Webber. Motion Hearing set for 5/1/2025 at 01:30 PM in Great Falls, MT before Judge Dana L. Christensen. Signed by Judge Dana L. Christensen on 4/10/2025. (ASG) (Entered: 04/10/2025)	April 10, 2025	April 10, 2025 RECAP
	Remark	April 10, 2025	April 10, 2025 PACER
15	AMENDED COMPLAINT Plaintiffs Amended Complaint against All Plaintiffs, filed by Susan Webber, Jonathan St. Goddard. (Attachments: # 1 Affidavit Rhonda Mountain Chief, # 2 Affidavit David Mountain Chief) (Tranel, Monica) (Entered: 04/11/2025) 1 Affidavit Rhonda Mountain Chief View on PACER 2 Affidavit David Mountain Chief View on PACER	April 11, 2025	April 11, 2025 Clearinghouse
16	Request for Live Audio Access for Hearing (APP) (Entered: 04/14/2025)	April 14, 2025	April 14, 2025 PACER
17	Request for Live Audio Access for Hearing (APP) (Entered: 04/14/2025)	April 14, 2025	April 14, 2025 PACER
18	MOTION to Transfer to U.S. Court of International Trade. Luke Mathers appearing for Defendants Kristi Noem, The United States of America, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (Mathers, Luke) (Entered: 04/14/2025)	April 14, 2025	April 14, 2025 PACER
19	Brief/Memorandum in Support re 18 MOTION to Transfer to U.S. Court of International Trade filed by Kristi Noem, The United States of America, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (Mathers, Luke) (Entered: 04/14/2025)	April 14, 2025	April 14, 2025 Clearinghouse
20	MOTION to Stay Proceedings Pending Disposition of Defendants' Motion to Transfer. Luke Mathers appearing for Defendants Kristi Noem, The United States of America, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (Mathers, Luke) (Entered: 04/14/2025)	April 14, 2025	April 14, 2025 PACER
21	Brief/Memorandum in Support re 20 MOTION to Stay Proceedings Pending Disposition of Defendants' Motion to Transfer filed by Kristi Noem, The United States of America, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (Mathers, Luke) (Entered: 04/14/2025)	April 14, 2025	April 14, 2025 Clearinghouse
22	RESPONSE to Motion re 18 MOTION to Transfer to U.S. Court of International Trade, 20 MOTION to Stay Proceedings Pending Disposition of Defendants' Motion to Transfer Request to Keep Schedule filed by David Mountain Chief, Rhonda Mountain Chief, Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber. (Tranel, Monica) (Entered: 04/15/2025)	April 15, 2025	April 15, 2025 RECAP
23	NOTICE by David Mountain Chief, Rhonda Mountain Chief, Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber re 18 MOTION to Transfer to U.S. Court of International Trade, 19 Brief/Memorandum in Support, 22 Response to Motion, 20 MOTION to Stay Proceedings Pending Disposition of Defendants' Motion to Transfer, 21 Brief/Memorandum in Support, LR 7.1(d)(1)(D) Ripe for Ruling (Tranel, Monica) (Entered: 04/15/2025)	April 15, 2025	April 15, 2025 RECAP
24	AFFIDAVIT/DECLARATION re 3 MOTION for Preliminary Injunction MOTION for Permanent Injunction Declaration of Dick Barrett by David Mountain Chief, Rhonda Mountain Chief, Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit 19 Reciprocal Trade Calculations) (Tranel, Monica) (Entered: 04/15/2025) 1 Exhibit 19 Reciprocal Trade Calculations View on PACER	April 15, 2025	April 15, 2025 RECAP
25	REPLY to Response to Motion re 18 MOTION to Transfer to U.S. Court of International Trade, 20 MOTION to Stay Proceedings Pending Disposition of Defendants' Motion to Transfer filed by Kristi Noem, The United States of America, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (Mathers, Luke) (Entered: 04/16/2025)	April 16, 2025	April 16, 2025 RECAP
26	AFFIDAVIT/DECLARATION of Ryan Hall by David Mountain Chief, Rhonda Mountain Chief, Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit Hall CV) (Tranel, Monica) (Entered: 04/18/2025)	April 18, 2025	April 18, 2025 PACER
27	MOTION for Leave to File Response Exceeding 6,500 Words. Luke Mathers appearing for Defendants Kristi Noem, The United States of America, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit Defendants' Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion for Preliminary and Permanent Injunction) (Mathers, Luke) (Entered: 04/18/2025) 1 Exhibit Defendants' Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion for Preliminary a View on RECAP	April 18, 2025	April 18, 2025 RECAP
28	Brief/Memorandum in Support re 27 MOTION for Leave to File Response Exceeding 6,500 Words filed by Kristi Noem, The United States of America, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (Mathers, Luke) (Entered: 04/18/2025)	April 18, 2025	April 18, 2025 RECAP
29	ORDER granting 27 Motion for Leave to File. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants shall refile the response brief included at Doc. 27-1. The response shall be deemed timely filed as of April 18, 2025. Signed by Judge Dana L. Christensen on 4/21/2025. (ASG) (Entered: 04/21/2025)	April 21, 2025	April 21, 2025 RECAP
30	RESPONSE to Motion re 3 MOTION for Preliminary Injunction MOTION for Permanent Injunction filed by Kristi Noem, The United States of America, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (Mathers, Luke) (Entered: 04/21/2025)	April 21, 2025	April 21, 2025 RECAP
31	MOTION to Intervene. Jesse Laslovich appearing for Interested Party Montana Farmers Union. (Attachments: # 1 Proposed Complaint, # 2 Declaration of John Wicks, # 3 Declaration of Sarah Degn, # 4 Declaration of Trent Stoltz, # 5 Corporate Disclosure Statement) (SGN) (Entered: 04/21/2025) 1 View on RECAP	April 21, 2025	April 21, 2025 PACER
32	Brief/Memorandum in Support re 31 MOTION to Intervene filed by Montana Farmers Union. (SGN) (Entered: 04/21/2025)	April 21, 2025	April 21, 2025 Clearinghouse
33	Request for Live Audio Access for Hearing (APP) (Entered: 04/23/2025)	April 23, 2025	April 23, 2025 RECAP
34	Request for Live Audio Access for Hearing (APP) (Entered: 04/23/2025)	April 23, 2025	April 23, 2025 RECAP
35	NOTICE by Kristi Noem, The United States of America, U.S. Department of Homeland Security of Supplemental Authority (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit Supplemental Authority) (Mathers, Luke) (Entered: 04/23/2025) 1 Exhibit Supplemental Authority View on PACER	April 23, 2025	April 23, 2025 RECAP
36	NOTICE by David Mountain Chief, Rhonda Mountain Chief, Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber re 35 Notice (Other) Response to Additional Authority (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit 20 Administration statements) (Tranel, Monica) (Entered: 04/23/2025) 1 Exhibit 20 Administration statements View on RECAP	April 23, 2025	April 23, 2025 RECAP
37	Request for Live Audio Access for Hearing (APP) (Entered: 04/24/2025)	April 24, 2025	April 24, 2025 RECAP
38	NOTICE by David Mountain Chief, Rhonda Mountain Chief, Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber Notice of Witnesses (Tranel, Monica) (Entered: 04/24/2025)	April 24, 2025	April 24, 2025 PACER
39	NOTICE by Kristi Noem, The United States of America, U.S. Department of Homeland Security re 14 Order Setting Hearing on Motion, (Mathers, Luke) (Entered: 04/24/2025)	April 24, 2025	April 24, 2025 RECAP
40	ORDER. IT IS ORDERED that Defendants' Motion to Transfer to the United States Court of International Trade (Doc. 18 ) is GRANTED. This case shall be transferred to the United States Court of International Trade pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1631 . IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants' Motion to Stay (Doc. 20 ) pending resolution of the Motion to Transfer is DENIED AS MOOT. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the hearing set for May 1, 2025, is VACATED. The Clerk of Court is directed to transfer this case to the Court of International Trade. Signed by Judge Dana L. Christensen on 4/25/2025. (SGN)	April 25, 2025	April 25, 2025 Clearinghouse
41	NOTICE OF APPEAL as to 40 Terminate Deadlines and Hearings,,, Order,,, Order Vacating,,, Terminate Motions,, by David Mountain Chief, Rhonda Mountain Chief, Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber. Filing fee $ 605, receipt number BMTDC-3471717. (Tranel, Monica) (Entered: 04/25/2025)	April 25, 2025	April 25, 2025 RECAP
42	MOTION for Preliminary Injunction Pending Appeal. Monica Tranel appearing for Plaintiffs David Mountain Chief, Rhonda Mountain Chief, Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber. (Tranel, Monica) (Entered: 04/25/2025)	April 25, 2025	April 25, 2025 RECAP
43	MOTION for Preliminary Injunction Brief in Support of Motion for Preliminary Injunction Pending Appeal. Monica Tranel appearing for Plaintiffs David Mountain Chief, Rhonda Mountain Chief, Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber. (Tranel, Monica) (Entered: 04/25/2025)	April 25, 2025	April 25, 2025 Clearinghouse
44	REPLY to Response to Motion re 3 MOTION for Preliminary Injunction MOTION for Permanent Injunction Reply in Support of Injunction filed by David Mountain Chief, Rhonda Mountain Chief, Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber. (Attachments: # 1 Affidavit Second Declaration of Rhonda Mountain Chief, # 2 Exhibit Rhonda Mountain Chief Bookings, # 3 Exhibit FRED Graph Trade, # 4 Affidavit Jackie Dee Conway Declaration, # 5 Affidavit Stephen Conway Declaration, # 6 Affidavit Wayne Smith Declaration, # 7 Exhibit 1 Tractor Salvage Invoice, # 8 Exhibit 2 Tariff Invoice, # 9 Affidavit David Mountain Chief Updated Declaration) (Tranel, Monica) (Entered: 04/26/2025) 1 Affidavit Second Declaration of Rhonda Mountain Chief View on PACER 2 Exhibit Rhonda Mountain Chief Bookings View on PACER 3 Exhibit FRED Graph Trade View on PACER 4 Affidavit Jackie Dee Conway Declaration View on PACER 5 Affidavit Stephen Conway Declaration View on PACER 6 Affidavit Wayne Smith Declaration View on PACER 7 Exhibit 1 Tractor Salvage Invoice View on PACER 8 Exhibit 2 Tariff Invoice View on PACER 9 Affidavit David Mountain Chief Updated Declaration View on PACER	April 26, 2025	April 26, 2025 RECAP
45	MOTION for Reconsideration Final Order Doc. 40. Monica Tranel appearing for Plaintiffs David Mountain Chief, Rhonda Mountain Chief, Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber. (Tranel, Monica) (Entered: 04/28/2025)	April 28, 2025	April 28, 2025 Clearinghouse
46	Brief in Support of 45 MOTION for Reconsideration Supporting Brief. Monica Tranel appearing for Plaintiffs David Mountain Chief, Rhonda Mountain Chief, Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber. (Tranel, Monica) Modified on 4/28/2025 to correct docket text, term motion, and link to motion (SGN). (Entered: 04/28/2025)	April 28, 2025	April 28, 2025 Clearinghouse
47	ORDER denying 42 Motion for Preliminary Injunction Pending Appeal. Signed by Judge Dana L. Christensen on 4/28/2025. (ASG) (Entered: 04/28/2025)	April 28, 2025	April 28, 2025 Clearinghouse
48	AFFIDAVIT/DECLARATION Canadian First Chiefs by David Mountain Chief, Rhonda Mountain Chief, Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber. (Tranel, Monica) (Entered: 04/28/2025)	April 28, 2025	April 28, 2025 PACER
49	Remark: Case Transferred to the U.S. Court of International Trade. Transfer letter and USB with case file sent via UPS to the U.S. Court of International Trade. (SGN) (Entered: 04/28/2025)	April 28, 2025	April 28, 2025 RECAP
50	Objection To Transfer of Record to CIT. (Tranel, Monica) (Entered: 04/28/2025)	April 28, 2025	April 28, 2025 RECAP
51	USCA Case Number 25-2717 and Time Schedule Order for 41 Notice of Appeal, filed by Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber, David Mountain Chief, Rhonda Mountain Chief. (SGN) (Entered: 04/29/2025)	April 29, 2025	April 29, 2025 RECAP
52	ORDER of USCA as to 41 Notice of Appeal, filed by Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber, David Mountain Chief, Rhonda Mountain Chief. (MMS) (Entered: 05/02/2025)	May 2, 2025	May 2, 2025 RECAP
53	RESPONSE to Motion re 45 MOTION for Reconsideration Final Order Doc. 40 filed by Kristi Noem, The United States of America, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (Mathers, Luke) (Entered: 05/09/2025)	May 9, 2025	May 9, 2025 RECAP
54	REPLY to Response to Motion re 46 MOTION for Reconsideration Supporting Brief, 45 MOTION for Reconsideration Final Order Doc. 40 filed by David Mountain Chief, Rhonda Mountain Chief, Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber. (Tranel, Monica) (Entered: 05/13/2025)	May 13, 2025	May 13, 2025 RECAP
55	NOTICE by David Mountain Chief, Rhonda Mountain Chief, Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber re 45 MOTION for Reconsideration Final Order Doc. 40 (Attachments: # 1 Supplement 9th Circuit Order) (Tranel, Monica) (Entered: 05/27/2025) 1 Supplement 9th Circuit Order View on PACER	May 27, 2025	May 27, 2025 PACER
56	NOTICE by David Mountain Chief, Rhonda Mountain Chief, Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber (Attachments: # 1 Supplement Authority) (Tranel, Monica) (Entered: 05/29/2025) 1 Supplement Authority View on PACER	May 29, 2025	May 29, 2025 RECAP
57	NOTICE by David Mountain Chief, Rhonda Mountain Chief, Jonathan St. Goddard, Susan Webber Learning Resources Order (Attachments: # 1 Supplement Learning Resources) (Tranel, Monica) (Entered: 05/30/2025) 1 Supplement Learning Resources View on PACER	May 30, 2025	May 30, 2025 RECAP
58	ORDER denying 45 Motion for Reconsideration. Signed by Judge Dana L. Christensen on 6/2/2025. (Copy emailed to the Ninth Circuit). (SGN)	June 2, 2025	June 2, 2025 Clearinghouse

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Case Details

State / Territory: Montana

Case Type(s):

Presidential/Gubernatorial Authority

Special Collection(s):

Trump Administration 2.0: Challenges to the Government

Tariffs

Key Dates

Filing Date: April 4, 2025

Case Ongoing: Yes

Plaintiffs

Plaintiff Description:

The plaintiffs are four enrolled members of the Blackfeet Nation—Susan Webber, Jonathan St. Goddard, Rhonda Mountain Chief, and David Mountain Chief—who reside and operate businesses in Montana near the U.S.–Canada border.

Plaintiff Type(s):

American Indian Tribe

Public Interest Lawyer: Yes

Filed Pro Se: No

Class Action Sought: No

Class Action Outcome: Not sought

Defendants

Department of Homeland Security (- United States (national) -), Federal

United States of America (- United States (national) -), Federal

Defendant Type(s):

Jurisdiction-wide

Case Details