Case: Eknes-Tucker v. Ivey

2:22-cv-00184 | U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Alabama

Filed Date: April 19, 2022

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Case Summary

This case is about Alabama’s Vulnerable Child Compassion and Protection Act (“the Act”), which subjects anyone who “causes” a transgender minor to receive prohibited gender-affirming medical care to criminal penalties. Four transgender children and their parents, two medical professionals, and a reverend filed this lawsuit on April 19, 2022 in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Alabama. The plaintiffs—represented by the National Center for Lesbian Rights, GLBTQ Legal Advocates &…

The plaintiffs alleged the Act prohibited parents from seeking and obtaining appropriate medical care for their transgender children, prohibited physicians from caring for those children, and prohibited clergy from counseling those children. The plaintiffs alleged violations of the Affordable Care Act (42 U.S.C. § 18116) and 42 U.S.C. § 1983, claiming a deprivation of their Fourteenth Amendment rights to equal protection and substantive due process, their Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment rights to procedural due process, and their First Amendment right to free speech. The plaintiffs sought a declaration that the Act violated federal law and the U.S. Constitution, an injunction to prevent the Act’s enforcement, and attorneys’ fees pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1988. The case was assigned to District Judge Liles C. Burke for the Northern District of Alabama on April 20.

The plaintiffs moved for a preliminary injunction and a temporary restraining order to temporarily prohibit the Act’s enforcement on April 21, 2022. The United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division moved to intervene as a plaintiff, and the court granted its motion on May 8.

On May 13, the court granted the preliminary injunction as to Section 4(a)(1)–(3) of the Act, but left the other parts of the Act intact. The court found a substantial likelihood that Section 4(a)(1)–(3) violated the Fourteenth Amendment by (1) infringing on a parent’s right to direct her child’s medical care under the Due Process Clause and (2) engaging in sex-based discrimination against transgender minors, in violation of the Equal Protection Clause.

On May 16, the defendants appealed the district court’s decision to grant the preliminary injunction to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. On May 20, the parties jointly moved to dismiss the governor as a defendant for the sake of efficiency, and the court officially dismissed her from the suit on May 31. The plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on August 9 that reflected the governor’s dismissal. On August 23, the defendants moved to dismiss the amended complaint. The plaintiffs then filed a second amended complaint on September 19, which removed the reverend as a plaintiff and eliminated the Fourteenth Amendment procedural due process and First Amendment free speech claims. On September 20, the court denied the defendants’ motion to dismiss because it was based on the since-eliminated claims from the first amended complaint.

On August 21, 2023, the Eleventh Circuit vacated the preliminary injunction. The court found that the plaintiffs did not demonstrate the existence of a constitutional right to treat one’s children with transitioning medications and did not show that the Act created a sex-based classification. The court held that the district court should have applied rational basis review, and thus abused its discretion by evaluating the Act under strict scrutiny. Circuit Judge Barbara Lagoa, Circuit Judge Andrew L. Brasher, and District Judge J.P. Boulee wrote the opinion.

In light of the Eleventh Circuit’s opinion, the defendants requested to stay the preliminary injunction on September 6. On September 11, the plaintiffs filed a petition for rehearing en banc of the Eleventh Circuit’s decision to vacate the preliminary injunction.

The Eleventh Circuit officially halted its command to vacate the preliminary injunction on September 15 and is currently considering the plaintiffs’ petition for rehearing en banc and the issue of whether to stay the preliminary injunction while the petition is pending. District Judge Burke issued sealed orders on October 4 and October 11.

On November 21, the defendants filed a motion for stay of injunction arguing that there would be irreparable harm absent a stay. The plaintiffs filed a response motion on December 1.

On December 26, 2023, the Middle District of Alabama denied the United States’ motion to stay all District Court proceedings. The Court held that a stay may be appropriate later if

the Eleventh Circuit should grant Plaintiffs' petition for rehearing en banc or the Supreme Court should grant certiorari in L.W. v. Skrmetti or Doe v. Kentucky.

On January 11, 2024, the defendants’ motion to stay a preliminary injunction was granted.

During Spring 2022, the chief judges of the U.S. District Courts for Alabama's Northern, Middle, and Southern Districts formed a three-judge panel to investigate court filings and public statements that suggested potential judge-shopping. The investigation involved thirty-nine lawyers from three related cases. In its Final Report of Inquiry, the panel unanimously concluded that eleven of these lawyers had intentionally sought to bypass the random case assignment process in the Northern and Middle Districts of Alabama. The panel confirmed that impermissible judge-shopping had occurred and instructed that the report be served on the Court for further action. On February 21, 2024, the Court ordered the eleven lawyers to show cause why they should not be sanctioned for the misconduct outlined in the Final Report of Inquiry.

On May 27, 2024, the defendants filed a motion for summary judgment. The defendants argued that the act in question would pass rational basis review and would survive review with heightened scrutiny by the court.

On August 24, the Eleventh Circuit ordered that the case would not be reheard en banc. The next day, the order withholding issuance of the mandate was vacated. On June 24, 2024, the U.S. Department of Justice asked the court to stay proceedings after the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to take up a lawsuit, L.W. v. Skrmetti (3:23-cv-00376), against a similar ban in Tennessee. As of October 2024, the case remains ongoing.

	Document
1 2:22-cv-00184	Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief	April 19, 2022	April 19, 2022 Complaint
8 2:22-cv-00184	Memorandum in Support of Plaintiffs’ Motion for Temporary Restraining Order & Preliminary Injunction	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 Pleading / Motion / Brief
62-1 2:22-cv-00184	Memorandum in Support of Plaintiff-Intervenor United States’ Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order and a Preliminary Injunction Eknes-Tucker v. State of Alabama	April 29, 2022	April 29, 2022 Pleading / Motion / Brief
58-1 2:22-cv-00184	Memorandum of Law in Support of United States’ Motion to Intervene Eknes-Tucker v. State of Alabama	April 29, 2022	April 29, 2022 Pleading / Motion / Brief
72 2:22-cv-00184	Brief of Arkansas, Alaska, Arizona, Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, and West Virginia as Amici Curiae in Support of Defendants	May 2, 2022	May 2, 2022 Pleading / Motion / Brief
85 2:22-cv-00184	Joint Motion to Dismiss Defendant Kay Ivey	May 3, 2022	May 3, 2022 Pleading / Motion / Brief
92 2:22-cv-00184	Amended Complaint in Intervention	May 4, 2022	May 4, 2022 Complaint
94 2:22-cv-00184	Procedural Orders & Status of Forthcoming Opinion Eknes-Tucker v. Marshall	May 8, 2022	May 8, 2022 Order/Opinion
107 2:22-cv-00184	Opinion and Order Eknes-Tucker v. Marshall	May 13, 2022	May 13, 2022 Order/Opinion 603 F.Supp.3d 1131
146 2:22-cv-00184	First Amended Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief Eknes-Tucker v. Marshall	Aug. 9, 2022	Aug. 9, 2022 Complaint

Title	Description		External URL Date / External URL
An Alabama Trump Appointee Is Threatening To Jail LGBTQ Civil Rights Lawyers Chris Geidner	An “unprecedented judicial investigation” into forum-shopping allegations — levied against some of the nation’s top LGBTQ civil rights lawyers — boiled over briefly on Monday after the district court…		https://www.lawdork.com/...
Alabama can enforce ban on transition treatment for transgender minors, 11th Circuit says Amanda Robert	A federal appeals court on Monday ruled that Alabama can enforce a ban on puberty blockers and hormone treatments for transgender youths. A three-judge panel of the 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appe…	Aug. 22, 2023	Aug. 22, 2023 https://www.abajournal.com/...

ECF Number	Description	Date	Link Date / Link
1	COMPLAINT FOR DECLARATORY AND INJUNCTIVE RELIEF against Tom Anderson, Daryl D. Bailey, C. Wilson Baylock, Danny Carr, Kay Ivey, Steve Marshall, Jessica Ventiere (Filing fee $ 402.00 receipt number 4602066590.), filed by Kathy Noe, Brianna Boe, Paul A. Eknes-Tucker, Rachel Koe, Megan Poe, James Zoe, Jane Moe. (Attachments: # 1 Civil Cover Sheet, # 2 Receipt) (wcl, ) (Entered: 04/20/2022) 1 Civil Cover Sheet View on RECAP 2 Receipt View on RECAP	April 19, 2022	April 19, 2022 Clearinghouse
2	Summons Issued as to Tom Anderson, Daryl D. Bailey, C. Wilson Baylock, Danny Carr, Kay Ivey, Steve Marshall, Jessica Ventiere and returned to counsel for personal service by process server. (wcl, ) (Entered: 04/20/2022)	April 20, 2022	April 20, 2022 RECAP
3	ORDER: The Honorable Liles C. Burke, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Alabama, was previously assigned two cases substantially similar to the above-captioned case, both of which were voluntarily dismissed on April 15, 2022. By order of the Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, all United States District Judges in the State of Alabama may preside over cases in any of the State's three federal judicial districts. In accordance with that order, and by the authority of the Court to manage the district court docket, promote the orderly and expeditious disposition of cases, and reassign a case to a judge who presided over a prior-related case, this case is REASSIGNED to Judge Burke. Judge Burke shall sit by designation and preside over this case in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama. Signed by Honorable Judge R. Austin Huffaker, Jr on 4/20/2022. (wcl, ) (Entered: 04/20/2022)	April 20, 2022	April 20, 2022 RECAP
4	Case Reassigned to Honorable Judge Liles C. Burke as presiding judge; Honorable Judge R. Austin Huffaker, Jr no longer assigned to the case. (wcl, ) (Entered: 04/20/2022)	April 20, 2022	April 20, 2022 RECAP
5	ORDER setting Status Conference for Friday, 4/22/2022, at 10:00 AM CDT in Courtroom 2F before Honorable Judge Liles C. Burke; Local counsel for Plaintiffs shall electronically serve a copy of this order on all non-local counsel for Plaintiffs and on all counsel for Defendants. Signed by Honorable Judge Liles C. Burke on 4/20/2022. (furn: calendar, dh) (wcl, ) (Entered: 04/20/2022)	April 20, 2022	April 20, 2022 RECAP
6	MOTION for Leave to File (Motion for Leave to Proceed Pseudonymously) by Brianna Boe, Paul A. Eknes-Tucker, Rachel Koe, Jane Moe, Kathy Noe, Megan Poe, James Zoe. (Eagan, Melody) (Entered: 04/20/2022)	April 20, 2022	April 20, 2022 RECAP
7	MOTION for Preliminary Injunction, MOTION for Temporary Restraining Order by Brianna Boe, Paul A. Eknes-Tucker, Rachel Koe, Jane Moe, Kathy Noe, Megan Poe, James Zoe. (Attachments: # 1 Text of Proposed Order - Temporary Restraining Order, # 2 Text of Proposed Order - Preliminary Injunction)(Eagan, Melody) (Entered: 04/21/2022) 1 Text of Proposed Order - Temporary Restraining Order View on RECAP 2 Text of Proposed Order - Preliminary Injunction View on RECAP	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
8	BRIEF/MEMORANDUM in Support re 7 MOTION for Preliminary Injunction MOTION for Temporary Restraining Order filed by Brianna Boe, Paul A. Eknes-Tucker, Rachel Koe, Jane Moe, Kathy Noe, Megan Poe, James Zoe. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit 1 - Hawkins Declaration, # 2 Exhibit 2 - Ladinsky Declaration, # 3 Exhibit 3 - Rosenthal Declaration, # 4 Exhibit 4 - Eknes-Tucker Declaration, # 5 Exhibit 5 - Boe Declaration, # 6 Exhibit 6 - Zoe Declaration, # 7 Exhibit 7 - Poe Declaration, # 8 Exhibit 8 - Noe Declaration, # 9 Exhibit 9 - Moe Declaration, # 10 Exhibit 10 - Koe Declaration)(Eagan, Melody) (Entered: 04/21/2022) 1 Exhibit 1 - Hawkins Declaration View on RECAP 2 Exhibit 2 - Ladinsky Declaration View on RECAP 3 Exhibit 3 - Rosenthal Declaration View on RECAP 4 Exhibit 4 - Eknes-Tucker Declaration View on RECAP 5 Exhibit 5 - Boe Declaration View on RECAP 6 Exhibit 6 - Zoe Declaration View on RECAP 7 Exhibit 7 - Poe Declaration View on RECAP 8 Exhibit 8 - Noe Declaration View on RECAP 9 Exhibit 9 - Moe Declaration View on RECAP 10 Exhibit 10 - Koe Declaration View on RECAP	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 Clearinghouse
9	Alias Summons issued as to Daryl D. Bailey and returned to Counsel for service via Process Server. (cwl, ) (Entered: 04/21/2022)	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
10	NOTICE of Appearance by Edmund Gerard LaCour, Jr on behalf of Kay Ivey, Steve Marshall (LaCour, Edmund) (Entered: 04/21/2022)	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
11	NOTICE of Appearance by Thomas Alexander Wilson on behalf of Kay Ivey, Steve Marshall (Wilson, Thomas) (Entered: 04/21/2022)	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
12	NOTICE of Appearance by Alexander Barrett Bowdre on behalf of Kay Ivey, Steve Marshall (Bowdre, Alexander) (Entered: 04/21/2022)	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
13	SUMMONS Returned Executed by Kathy Noe, Brianna Boe, Paul A. Eknes-Tucker, Rachel Koe, Megan Poe, James Zoe, Jane Moe. Danny Carr served on 4/21/2022, answer due 5/12/2022. (Eagan, Melody) (Entered: 04/21/2022)	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
14	NOTICE of Appearance by Benjamin Matthew Seiss on behalf of Kay Ivey, Steve Marshall (Seiss, Benjamin) (Main Document 14 replaced on 4/21/2022 to attach the correct main PDF document to correct the style of the case) (cwl, ). (Entered: 04/21/2022)	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
15	NOTICE of Correction re 14 Notice of Appearance, to attach the correct main PDF document to correct the style of the case. (Attachments: # 1 Correct Main doc entry 14 )(cwl, ) (Entered: 04/21/2022) 1 Correct Main doc entry [14] View on RECAP	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
16	Notice of Deficiency requiring filing of Corporate Disclosure/Conflict Statement sent to Kathy Noe, Brianna Boe, Paul A. Eknes-Tucker, Rachel Koe, Megan Poe, James Zoe, Jane Moe. Corporate Disclosures due by 5/2/2022. (Attachments: # 1 Conflict Statement Standing Order & Sample Format)(cwl, ) (Entered: 04/21/2022) 1 Conflict Statement Standing Order & Sample Format View on RECAP	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
17	Notice of Deficiency requiring filing of Corporate Disclosure/Conflict Statement sent to Steve Marshall & Kay Ivey. Corporate Disclosures due by 5/2/2022. (Attachments: # 1 Conflict Statement Standing Order & Sample Format)(cwl, ) (Entered: 04/21/2022) 1 Conflict Statement Standing Order & Sample Format View on RECAP	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
18	NOTICE of Appearance by James William Davis on behalf of All Defendants (Davis, James) (Entered: 04/21/2022)	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
19	Notice of Deficiency requiring filing of Corporate Disclosure/Conflict Statement sent to Danny Carr, Tom Anderson, Jessica Ventiere, C. Wilson Baylock & Daryl D. Bailey. Corporate Disclosures due by 5/2/2022. (Attachments: # 1 Conflict Statement Standing Order & Sample Format)(cwl, ) (Entered: 04/21/2022) 1 Conflict Statement Standing Order & Sample Format View on RECAP	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
20	ANSWER to 1 Complaint, by Tom Anderson, Daryl D. Bailey, C. Wilson Baylock, Danny Carr, Steve Marshall, Jessica Ventiere.(Davis, James) (Entered: 04/21/2022)	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
21	Corporate/Conflict Disclosure Statement re 19 Notice of Deficiency requiring filing of Corporate Disclosure/Conflict Statement by Tom Anderson. (Davis, James) Modified on 4/22/2022 to add link to def notice (cwl, ). (Entered: 04/21/2022)	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
22	Corporate/Conflict Disclosure Statement re 19 Notice of Deficiency requiring filing of Corporate Disclosure/Conflict Statement by Daryl D. Bailey. (Davis, James) Modified on 4/22/2022 to add link to def notice (cwl, ). (Entered: 04/21/2022)	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
23	Corporate/Conflict Disclosure Statement re 19 Notice of Deficiency requiring filing of Corporate Disclosure/Conflict Statement by C. Wilson Baylock. (Davis, James) Modified on 4/22/2022 to add link to def notice (cwl, ). (Entered: 04/21/2022)	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
24	Corporate/Conflict Disclosure Statement re 19 Notice of Deficiency requiring filing of Corporate Disclosure/Conflict Statement by Danny Carr. (Davis, James) Modified on 4/22/2022 to add link to def notice (cwl, ). (Entered: 04/21/2022)	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
25	Corporate/Conflict Disclosure Statement re 17 Notice of Deficiency requiring filing of Corporate Disclosure/Conflict Statement by Kay Ivey. (Davis, James) Modified on 4/22/2022 to add link to def notice (cwl, ). (Entered: 04/21/2022)	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
26	Corporate/Conflict Disclosure Statement re 17 Notice of Deficiency requiring filing of Corporate Disclosure/Conflict Statement by Steve Marshall. (Davis, James) Modified on 4/22/2022 to add link to def notice (cwl, ). (Entered: 04/21/2022)	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
27	Corporate/Conflict Disclosure Statement re 19 Notice of Deficiency requiring filing of Corporate Disclosure/Conflict Statement by Jessica Ventiere. (Davis, James) Modified on 4/22/2022 to add link to def notice (cwl, ). (Entered: 04/21/2022)	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
28	SUMMONS Returned Executed by Kathy Noe, Brianna Boe, Paul A. Eknes-Tucker, Rachel Koe, Megan Poe, James Zoe, Jane Moe. Daryl D. Bailey served on 4/21/2022, answer due 5/12/2022. (Eagan, Melody) (Entered: 04/21/2022)	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
29	SUMMONS Returned Executed by Kathy Noe, Brianna Boe, Paul A. Eknes-Tucker, Rachel Koe, Megan Poe, James Zoe, Jane Moe. Tom Anderson served on 4/21/2022, answer due 5/12/2022. (Eagan, Melody) (Entered: 04/21/2022)	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
30	SUMMONS Returned Executed by Kathy Noe, Brianna Boe, Paul A. Eknes-Tucker, Rachel Koe, Megan Poe, James Zoe, Jane Moe. Jessica Ventiere served on 4/21/2022, answer due 5/12/2022. (Eagan, Melody) (Entered: 04/21/2022)	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
31	SUMMONS Returned Executed by Kathy Noe, Brianna Boe, Paul A. Eknes-Tucker, Rachel Koe, Megan Poe, James Zoe, Jane Moe. Steve Marshall served on 4/21/2022, answer due 5/12/2022. (Eagan, Melody) (Entered: 04/21/2022)	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
32	SUMMONS Returned Executed by Kathy Noe, Brianna Boe, Paul A. Eknes-Tucker, Rachel Koe, Megan Poe, James Zoe, Jane Moe. Kay Ivey served on 4/21/2022, answer due 5/12/2022. (Eagan, Melody) (Entered: 04/21/2022)	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 RECAP
	***PURSUANT TO THE 20 ANSWER - Attorney Edmund Gerard LaCour, Jr, Alexander Barrett Bowdre, Benjamin Matthew Seiss for Tom Anderson, Daryl D. Bailey, C. Wilson Baylock, Danny Carr, Jessica Ventiere added. (NO pdf attached to this entry) (cwl, )	April 21, 2022	April 21, 2022 PACER
33	Minute Entry for proceedings held before Honorable Judge Liles C. Burke: Status Conference held on 4/22/2022 (PDF available for court use only). (Court Reporter Christina Decker w/ND AL.) (dh) (Entered: 04/22/2022)	April 22, 2022	April 22, 2022 PACER
34	ORDER Setting Hearing on Motion: Evidentiary Hearing on Plfs' 7 motion for a temporary restraining order and/or a preliminary injunction is set for Thursday, 5/5/2022, at 9:00 a.m. CDT in Courtroom 2F before Honorable Judge Liles C. Burke; The hearing is scheduled to last no longer than two days with the time allotted strictly as represented by the parties during today's status conference; Forty-eight hours before the hearing begins, the parties shall file their proposed exhibits and a list of expected witnesses; On or before 4/27/2022, Dfts shall file a response to Plfs' 6 motion to proceed pseudonymously; Plfs' reply is due thirty-six hours after Dfts file their response; On or before 5/2/2022, Dfts shall file a response to Plfs' 7 motion for a temporary restraining order and/or a preliminary injunction; Plfs' reply is due thirty-six hours after Dfts file their response. Signed by Honorable Judge Liles C. Burke on 4/22/2022. (furn: calendar, dh) (wcl, ) (Entered: 04/22/2022)	April 22, 2022	April 22, 2022 RECAP
35	Corporate/Conflict Disclosure Statement re 16 Notice of Deficiency requiring filing of Corporate Disclosure/Conflict Statement by Paul A. Eknes-Tucker. (Eagan, Melody) Modified on 4/26/2022 to add link (cwl, ). (Main Document 35 replaced on 4/26/2022 to lock down fillable PDF) (cwl, ). (Entered: 04/25/2022)	April 25, 2022	April 25, 2022 RECAP
36	Corporate/Conflict Disclosure Statement re 16 Notice of Deficiency requiring filing of Corporate Disclosure/Conflict Statement by Rachel Koe. (Eagan, Melody) Modified on 4/26/2022 to add link (cwl, ). (Main Document 36 replaced on 4/26/2022 to lock down fillable PDF) (cwl, ). (Entered: 04/25/2022)	April 25, 2022	April 25, 2022 RECAP
37	Corporate/Conflict Disclosure Statement re 16 Notice of Deficiency requiring filing of Corporate Disclosure/Conflict Statement by Jane Moe. (Eagan, Melody) Modified on 4/26/2022 to add link (cwl, ). (Main Document 37 replaced on 4/26/2022 to lock down fillable PDF) (cwl, ). (Entered: 04/25/2022)	April 25, 2022	April 25, 2022 RECAP
38	Corporate/Conflict Disclosure Statement re 16 Notice of Deficiency requiring filing of Corporate Disclosure/Conflict Statement by Kathy Noe. (Eagan, Melody) Modified on 4/26/2022 to add link (cwl, ). (Main Document 38 replaced on 4/26/2022 to lock down fillable PDF) (cwl, ). (Entered: 04/25/2022)	April 25, 2022	April 25, 2022 RECAP
39	Corporate/Conflict Disclosure Statement re 16 Notice of Deficiency requiring filing of Corporate Disclosure/Conflict Statement by Megan Poe. (Eagan, Melody) Modified on 4/26/2022 to add link (cwl, ). (Main Document 39 replaced on 4/26/2022 to lock down fillable PDF) (cwl, ). (Entered: 04/25/2022)	April 25, 2022	April 25, 2022 RECAP

Case: Eknes-Tucker v. Ivey

2:22-cv-00184 | U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Alabama

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