Case: EEOC v. Henredon Furniture Industries, Inc.

1:06-cv-00744 | U.S. District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina

Filed Date: Sept. 6, 2006

Closed Date: Jan. 23, 2011

Clearinghouse coding complete

Case Summary

In September 2006, the Charlotte District Office and Raleigh Area Office of the EEOC filed this lawsuit against Henrendon Furniture Industries, Inc. in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, alleging discrimination on the basis of race, African-American, in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Specifically, the complaint alleged the defendant subjected the complaining parties to a racially hostile work environment. Following some discovery, the par…

In September 2006, the Charlotte District Office and Raleigh Area Office of the EEOC filed this lawsuit against Henrendon Furniture Industries, Inc. in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, alleging discrimination on the basis of race, African-American, in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Specifically, the complaint alleged the defendant subjected the complaining parties to a racially hostile work environment. Following some discovery, the parties settled the lawsuit in January 2008 through a consent decree.The three-year decree, containing anti-discrimination and retaliation language, required the defendant to: report complaints and make other compliance reports, allow the EEOC access for monitoring, expunge the complainants' employment records and provide references, post and distribute notice of employee rights, provide employee training, revise its harassment policy, and pay $465,000 to seven individuals. The docket sheet does not show any further enforcement; the case was presumably closed in 2011.

Summary Authors

Daisy Manning (5/8/2008)

Clearinghouse (6/10/2017)

People

For PACER's information on parties and their attorneys, see: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/12468946/parties/equal-employment-opportunity-commission-v-henredon-furniture-industries/


Judge(s)

Beaty, James A. (North Carolina)

Documents in the Clearinghouse

Documents in this case

1:06-cv-00744

Docket [PACER]

Jan. 23, 2008

Jan. 23, 2008

Docket
1

1:06-cv-00744

Complaint

Sept. 6, 2006

Sept. 6, 2006

Complaint
38

1:06-cv-00744

Consent Decree

Jan. 23, 2008

Jan. 23, 2008

Settlement Agreement

Resources

Docket

See docket on RECAP: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/12468946/equal-employment-opportunity-commission-v-henredon-furniture-industries/

Last updated Oct. 20, 2026, 8:33 p.m.

Docket for: EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION v. HENREDON FURNITURE INDUSTRIES, INC.
ECF Number Date Description Link
1 Sept. 6, 2006

COMPLAINT against HENREDON FURNITURE INDUSTRIES, INC., filed by EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION.(MAHOOD, ZOE) (Entered: 09/06/2006)

RECAP
2 Sept. 6, 2006

CIVIL COVER SHEET, filed by EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION.(MAHOOD, ZOE) (Entered: 09/06/2006)

RECAP
Sept. 6, 2006

Case Referred to Mediation

Sept. 6, 2006

CASE REFERRED to Mediation pursuant to Local Rule 83.10b of the Rules of Practice and Procedure of this Court. Please go to our website form directory for a list of mediators which must be served on all parties. (McClain, Abby)

3 Oct. 2, 2006

WAIVER OF SERVICE Returned Executed by EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION. HENREDON FURNITURE INDUSTRIES, INC. waiver sent on 9/6/2006, answer due 11/6/2006. (MAHOOD, ZOE) (Entered: 10/02/2006)

RECAP
4 Nov. 6, 2006

ANSWER to Complaint by HENREDON FURNITURE INDUSTRIES, INC. (MCGUIRE, GREGORY) (Entered: 11/06/2006)

RECAP
5 Dec. 4, 2006

NOTICE of Appearance by attorney SARAH H. ROANE on behalf of Defendant HENREDON FURNITURE INDUSTRIES, INC. (ROANE, SARAH) (Entered: 12/04/2006)

RECAP
6 Dec. 18, 2006

NOTICE of Initial Pretrial Conference Hearing:Initial Pretrial Conference Hearing set for 1/18/2007 09:30 AM in Winston-Salem Courtroom #3 before MAG/JUDGE RUSSELL A. ELIASON. (Williamson, Wanda) (Entered: 12/18/2006)

RECAP
7 Jan. 11, 2007

Rule 26(f) Report (Joint) filed by all parties by EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION.(MAHOOD, ZOE) (Entered: 01/11/2007)

RECAP
Jan. 12, 2007

Motions Referred

Jan. 12, 2007

***Motions Referred: 7 Rule 26(f) Report (Joint) filed by all parties to Judge RUSSELL A. ELIASON - (Williamson, Wanda)

8 Jan. 16, 2007

RULE 26F ORDER (JOINT) signed by Mag/Judge RUSSELL A. ELIASON on 1/16/07 Plaintiffs Amended Pleadings due by 3/1/2007., Defendants Amended Pleadings due by 4/1/2007., Discovery due by 8/31/2007., Joinder of Parties for Plaintiff due by 3/1/2007., Joinder of Parties for Defendant due by 4/1/2007. Parties do not consent to refer case to a Mag/Judge. ETT: 6-8d. A jury trial has been demanded.(Wilson, JoAnne) (Entered: 01/16/2007)

RECAP
Feb. 6, 2007

Mediation Scheduling Order

Feb. 6, 2007

MEDIATION SCHEDULING ORDER; Mediation due by 5/31/2007. (Gammon, Cheryl)

9 Feb. 7, 2007

ORDER Appointing FRANK W. BULLOCK, JR., as the mediator pursuant to LR 83.9d(a). Signed by John S. Brubaker, Clerk of Court. (Gammon, Cheryl) (Entered: 02/07/2007)

RECAP
10 Feb. 13, 2007

MOTION for Extension of Time to Respond to Plaintiff's First Set of Interrogatories and First Request for Production of Documents by HENREDON FURNITURE INDUSTRIES, INC. Responses due by 2/27/2007 (ROANE, SARAH) (Entered: 02/13/2007)

RECAP
11 Feb. 14, 2007

ORDER granting 10 Motion for Extension of Time, and Defendant has up to and including March 16, 2007 to respond to Plaintiff's First Set of Interrogatories and First Request for Production of Documents signed by Judge RUSSELL A. ELIASON on 2/14/07. (Wilson, JoAnne) (Entered: 02/14/2007)

RECAP
Feb. 14, 2007

Motions Referred

Feb. 14, 2007

***Motions Referred: 10 MOTION for Extension of Time to Respond to Plaintiff's First Set of Interrogatories and First Request for Production of Documents to Judge RUSSELL A. ELIASON - (Winchester, Robin)

Feb. 14, 2007

Telephonic Notice

Feb. 14, 2007

Telephone Notice on 2/14/2007 from Atty. Sarah Roane informing the Clerk's Office that Plaintiff's Counsel now consents to the full 30 days re: pldg. 10 (Winchester, Robin)

12 Feb. 20, 2007

NOTICE of Hearing:,Jury Trial set for 1/7/2008 09:30 AM. Trial Briefs, etc. due 12/17/2007. (Winchester, Robin) (Entered: 02/20/2007)

RECAP
13 April 23, 2007

JOINT MOTION for Protective Order by HENREDON FURNITURE INDUSTRIES, INC. Responses due by 5/17/2007 (Attachments: # 1 Text of Proposed Order)(MCGUIRE, GREGORY) (Entered: 04/23/2007)

RECAP
April 24, 2007

Motions Referred

April 24, 2007

***Motions Referred: 13 JOINT MOTION for Protective Order to Judge RUSSELL A. ELIASON - (Winchester, Robin)

14 May 2, 2007

ORDER granting 13 Joint Motion Protective Order signed by Mag/Judge RUSSELL A. ELIASON on 5/2/07. (Wilson, JoAnne) (Entered: 05/02/2007)

RECAP
15 May 2, 2007

SUPPLEMENTAL PROTECTIVE ORDER signed by Mag/Judge RUSSELL A. ELIASON on 5/2/07. (Wilson, JoAnne) (Entered: 05/02/2007)

RECAP
16 Aug. 30, 2007

Joint MOTION for Extension of Time in which to Conduct Mediation and To File Dispositive Motions by HENREDON FURNITURE INDUSTRIES, INC. (MCGUIRE, GREGORY) (Entered: 08/30/2007)

RECAP
17 Sept. 5, 2007

NOTICE of Intent to File Dispositive Motions by Defendant HENREDON FURNITURE INDUSTRIES, INC. (MCGUIRE, GREGORY) (Entered: 09/05/2007)

RECAP
Sept. 10, 2007

Motions Referred

Sept. 10, 2007

***Motions Referred: 16 Joint MOTION for Extension of Time in which to Conduct Mediation and To File Dispositive Motions to Judge RUSSELL A. ELIASON - (Winchester, Robin)

18 Sept. 12, 2007

ORDER denying 16 Motion for Extension of Time, but without prejudice to the parties submitting a motion and order setting out a schedule which has all dispositive motions and briefs, including responses and replies, filed on or before November 12, 2007, so that the motions will be ready for ruling by November 12, 2007, and therefore, the Court will have sufficient time to enter a ruling prior to the January 7, 2008 trial date signed by Mag/Judge RUSSELL A. ELIASON on 9/12/07. (Wilson, JoAnne) (Entered: 09/12/2007)

RECAP
19 Sept. 12, 2007

Joint MOTION for Extension of Time in Which to Conduct Mediation and to File Dispositive Motions (Revised) by HENREDON FURNITURE INDUSTRIES, INC. Responses due by 10/5/2007 (MCGUIRE, GREGORY) (Entered: 09/12/2007)

RECAP
20 Sept. 13, 2007

ORDER granting 19 Motion for Extension of Time signed by Mag/Judge RUSSELL A. ELIASON on 9/13/07 Dispositive Motions due by 10/8/2007, Mediation due by 10/24/2007, Replies due by 11/12/2007, Responses due by 11/7/2007 (Wilson, JoAnne) (Entered: 09/13/2007)

RECAP
Sept. 13, 2007

Motions Referred

Sept. 13, 2007

***Motions Referred: 19 Joint MOTION for Extension of Time in Which to Conduct Mediation and to File Dispositive Motions (Revised) to Judge RUSSELL A. ELIASON - (Winchester, Robin)

21 Sept. 28, 2007

MOTION for Leave to File Excess Pages by HENREDON FURNITURE INDUSTRIES, INC. Responses due by 10/22/2007 (MCGUIRE, GREGORY) (Entered: 09/28/2007)

RECAP
Oct. 2, 2007

Motions Referred

Oct. 2, 2007

***Motions Referred: 21 MOTION for Leave to File Excess Pages to Judge RUSSELL A. ELIASON - (Winchester, Robin)

22 Oct. 8, 2007

MOTION for Summary Judgment by HENREDON FURNITURE INDUSTRIES, INC. Responses due by 11/13/2007 (MCGUIRE, GREGORY) Modified on 10/9/2007 to remove punctuation (Lee, Lisa). (Entered: 10/08/2007)

RECAP
23 Oct. 8, 2007

MEMORANDUM filed by Defendant HENREDON FURNITURE INDUSTRIES, INC. re 22 MOTION for Summary Judgment filed by HENREDON FURNITURE INDUSTRIES, INC. (Attachments: # 1 Deposition of Agamedi# 2 Deposition of Alford# 3 Deposition of Cornelison# 4 Deposition of Goree# 5 Deposition of Howell# 6 Deposition of Killon# 7 Deposition of Little# 8 Deposition of Ragin# 9 Deposition of Rhymer# 10 Deposition of Wittenberg (1)# 11 Deposition of Wittenberg (2)# 12 Plaintiff's Exhibits (1)# 13 Plaintiff's Exhibits (2)# 14 Plaintiff's Exhibits (3)# 15 Plaintiff's Exhibits (4)# 16 Plaintiff's Exhibits (5)# 17 Plaintiff's Exhibits (6)# 18 Plaintiff's Exhibits (7)# 19 Plaintiff's Exhibits (8)# 20 Defendants' Exhibits (1)# 21 Defendants' Exhibits (2)# 22 Affidavit of Wittenberg)(MCGUIRE, GREGORY) Modified on 10/9/2007 to remove punctuation (Lee, Lisa). (Entered: 10/08/2007)

RECAP
24 Oct. 25, 2007

Consent MOTION for Leave to File Excess Pages by EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION. Responses due by 11/19/2007 (Attachments: # 1 Text of Proposed Order) (MAHOOD, ZOE) Modified on 10/26/2007 to correct spacing (Lee, Lisa). (Entered: 10/25/2007)

RECAP
Oct. 25, 2007

Case Assigned

Oct. 25, 2007

Case Reassigned to Judge JAMES A. BEATY, JR. Judge WILLIAM L. OSTEEN no longer assigned to the case. (Powell, Gloria)

Oct. 26, 2007

Motions Submitted

Oct. 26, 2007

***Motions Submitted: 21 MOTION for Leave to File Excess Pages, 24 Consent MOTION for Leave to File Excess Pages to Judge JAMES A. BEATY JR. (Kemp, Donita)

25 Nov. 6, 2007

NOTICE of Trial Calendar Jury Trial set for 1/7/2008 09:30 AM in Winston-Salem Courtroom #1 before CHIEF JUDGE JAMES A. BEATY JR. (Simmonds, Lisa) (Entered: 11/06/2007)

RECAP
26 Nov. 7, 2007

MEMORANDUM OF LAW IN OPPOSITION re 22 MOTION for Summary Judgment filed by EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION. Replies due by 11/12/2007. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit Deposition of Rickie Wilson - part 1, # 2 Exhibit Deposition of Rickie Wilson - part 2, # 3 Affidavit Rickie Wilson Affidavit, # 4 Exhibit Deposition of Freddie Ragin, # 5 Affidavit Freddie Ragin Affidavit, # 6 Exhibit Deposition of Lester Little, # 7 Affidavit Lester Little Affidavit, # 8 Exhibit Deposition of Floyd Goree, # 9 Affidavit Floyd Goree Affidavit, # 10 Exhibit Deposition of David Howell, # 11 Affidavit David Howell Affidavit, # 12 Exhibit Deposition of Lonnell Alford, # 13 Affidavit Preston McDuffie Affidavit, # 14 Exhibit Deposition of Ken Sessions, # 15 Exhibit Deposition of Randy Rickard, # 16 Exhibit Deposition of Danny East, # 17 Exhibit Deposition of Richard Rhymer, # 18 Exhibit Deposition of Tiki Wittenberg, # 19 Exhibit Deposition of Joe Harrill, # 20 Exhibit Deposition of Jack Skinner, # 21 Exhibit Deposition of Jason Agamedi, # 22 Exhibit Deposition of Jim Cornelison, # 23 Exhibit Deposition of Rocky Killon, # 24 Exhibit Deposition of Barbara McKinney, # 25 Exhibit Interrogatory Responses, # 26 Exhibit Admissions, # 27 Exhibit Plaintiff Deposition Exhibits, # 28 Exhibit EEO-1s, # 29 Exhibit Foster Wheeler, # 30 Exhibit Sackey, # 31 Exhibit KCD, # 32 Exhibit Crowder, # 33 Exhibit Homesley, # 34 Exhibit Appendix Table of Contents)(MAHOOD, ZOE) Modified on 11/8/2007 to accurately reflect title of document (Wilson, JoAnne). (Entered: 11/07/2007)

RECAP
27 Nov. 8, 2007

MOTION to Strike 26 Response in Opposition to Motion, by HENREDON FURNITURE INDUSTRIES, INC. Responses due by 12/3/2007 (MCGUIRE, GREGORY) (Entered: 11/08/2007)

RECAP
28 Nov. 9, 2007

MOTION for Leave to File Revised Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment by EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION. Responses due by 12/3/2007 (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit Revised Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment, # 2 Text of Proposed Order)(MAHOOD, ZOE) (Entered: 11/09/2007)

RECAP
29 Nov. 9, 2007

RESPONSE in Opposition re 27 MOTION to Strike 26 Response in Opposition to Motion, 28 MOTION for Leave to File Revised Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment (Response in Support of Motion to File Revised Memorandum in Opposition to Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment) filed by EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION. Replies due by 11/30/2007. (Attachments: # 1 Affidavit Declaration of Zoe G. Mahood)(MAHOOD, ZOE) (Entered: 11/09/2007)

RECAP
30 Nov. 13, 2007

REPLY, filed by Defendant HENREDON FURNITURE INDUSTRIES, INC., to Response to 22 MOTION for Summary Judgment filed by HENREDON FURNITURE INDUSTRIES, INC. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit Response to Interrogatory, # 2 Exhibit Ragin Deposition Excerpt, # 3 Exhibit Howell Deposition Excerpt)(MCGUIRE, GREGORY) (Entered: 11/13/2007)

RECAP
Nov. 13, 2007

Motions Submitted

Nov. 13, 2007

***Motions Submitted: 28 MOTION for Leave to File Revised Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment to Judge CHIEF JUDGE JAMES A. BEATY, JR. (Kemp, Donita)

31 Nov. 14, 2007

ORDER signed by CHIEF JUDGE JAMES A. BEATY, JR on 11/14/07 that Defendant's Motion to Strike Plaintiff's Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment be DENIED and Plaintiff be ALLOWED to file its Revised Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment in substitution for the Memorandum of Law filed on November 7, 2007. (Wilson, JoAnne) (Entered: 11/14/2007)

RECAP
32 Nov. 14, 2007

MEMORANDUM OF LAW in Opposition re 22 MOTION for Summary Judgment (Revised) filed by EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION. Replies due by 11/14/2007. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit Wilson Deposition - part 1, # 2 Exhibit Wilson Deposition - part 2, # 3 Affidavit Wilson Affidavit, # 4 Exhibit Ragin Deposition, # 5 Affidavit Ragin Affidavit, # 6 Exhibit Little Deposition, # 7 Affidavit Little Affidavit, # 8 Exhibit Goree Deposition, # 9 Affidavit Goree Affidavit, # 10 Exhibit Howell Deposition, # 11 Affidavit Howell Affidavit, # 12 Exhibit Alford Deposition, # 13 Affidavit McDuffie Affidavit, # 14 Exhibit Sessions Deposition, # 15 Exhibit Rickard Deposition, # 16 Exhibit East Deposition, # 17 Exhibit Rhymer Deposition, # 18 Exhibit Wittenberg Deposition, # 19 Exhibit Harrill Deposition, # 20 Exhibit Skinner Deposition, # 21 Exhibit Agamedi Deposition, # 22 Exhibit Cornelison Deposition, # 23 Exhibit Killon Deposition, # 24 Exhibit McKinney Deposition, # 25 Exhibit Interrogatories, # 26 Exhibit Admissions, # 27 Exhibit Plaintiff Exhibits, # 28 Exhibit EEO-1s, # 29 Exhibit Foster Wheeler, # 30 Exhibit Sackey, # 31 Exhibit KCD Construction, # 32 Exhibit Crowder, # 33 Exhibit Homesley, # 34 Appendix Table of Contents)(MAHOOD, ZOE) Modified on 11/15/2007 to accurately reflect title of document (Wilson, JoAnne). (Entered: 11/14/2007)

RECAP
33 Nov. 26, 2007

NOTICE of Hearing: Settlement Conference set for 12/11/2007 10:00 AM in Winston-Salem Courtroom #1 before CHIEF JUDGE JAMES A. BEATY JR. (Kemp, Donita) (Entered: 11/26/2007)

RECAP
Nov. 26, 2007

Motions Submitted

Nov. 26, 2007

***Motions Submitted: 22 MOTION for Summary Judgment to Judge CHIEF JUDGE JAMES A. BEATY, JR. (Kemp, Donita)

34 Nov. 28, 2007

MOTION for Leave to File Surreply in Opposition to Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment by EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION. Responses due by 12/21/2007 (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit Surreply, # 2 Text of Proposed Order)(MAHOOD, ZOE) (Entered: 11/28/2007)

RECAP
Nov. 29, 2007

Motions Submitted

Nov. 29, 2007

***Motions Submitted: 34 MOTION for Leave to File Surreply in Opposition to Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment to Judge CHIEF JUDGE JAMES A. BEATY, JR. (Kemp, Donita)

35 Dec. 7, 2007

NOTICE of Appearance by attorney PHILLIP JOHN STRACH on behalf of Defendant HENREDON FURNITURE INDUSTRIES, INC. (STRACH, PHILLIP) (Entered: 12/07/2007)

RECAP
36 Dec. 7, 2007

Witness List by HENREDON FURNITURE INDUSTRIES, INC. (MCGUIRE, GREGORY) (Entered: 12/07/2007)

RECAP
37 Dec. 10, 2007

FINAL PRETRIAL DISCLOSURES. (MAHOOD, ZOE) (Entered: 12/10/2007)

RECAP
Dec. 11, 2007

Settlement Conference

Dec. 11, 2007

Minute Entry for proceedings held before CHIEF JUDGE JAMES A. BEATY, JR: Settlement Conference held on 12/11/2007. (Zoe Mahood & Tina Burnside for PLAINTIFF; Gregory McGuire, Phil Strach, & James Cornelison for DEFENDANT; Case Reported Settled; Proposed Consent Decree to be submitted during the week of 12/17/2007 for the Court's consideration.) (Court Reporter Lori Russell.) (Kemp, Donita)

Jan. 9, 2008

Case Referred to Judge

Jan. 9, 2008

Proposed Consent Decree REFERRED to Judge Beaty. (Kemp, Donita)

38 Jan. 23, 2008

CONSENT DECREE signed by CHIEF JUDGE JAMES A. BEATY, JR on 1/22/08. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit A, # 2 Exhibit B) (Wilson, JoAnne) (Entered: 01/24/2008)

RECAP
Jan. 23, 2008

Description not available

Jan. 23, 2008

Case no longer referred to Judge Beaty (Wilson, JoAnne)

Case Details

State / Territory:

North Carolina

Case Type(s):

Equal Employment

Special Collection(s):

EEOC Study — in sample

Multi-LexSum (in sample)

Key Dates

Filing Date: Sept. 6, 2006

Closing Date: Jan. 23, 2011

Case Ongoing: No

Plaintiffs

Plaintiff Description:

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, on behalf of one or more workers.

Plaintiff Type(s):

EEOC Plaintiff

Attorney Organizations:

EEOC

Public Interest Lawyer: Yes

Filed Pro Se: No

Class Action Sought: No

Class Action Outcome: Not sought

Defendants

Private Entity/Person

Henrendon Furniture Industries, Inc.

Case Details

Causes of Action:

Title VII (including PDA), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e

Other Dockets:

Middle District of North Carolina 1:06-cv-00744

Available Documents:

Complaint (any)

Injunctive (or Injunctive-like) Relief

Monetary Relief

Trial Court Docket

Outcome

Prevailing Party: Plaintiff OR Mixed

Relief Granted:

Damages

Injunction / Injunctive-like Settlement

Source of Relief:

Settlement

Form of Settlement:

Court Approved Settlement or Consent Decree

Content of Injunction:

Discrimination Prohibition

Expungement of Employment Record

Monitoring

Neutral/Positive Reference

Post/Distribute Notice of Rights / EE Law

Provide antidiscrimination training

Reporting

Retaliation Prohibition

Amount Defendant Pays: 465000

Order Duration: 2008 - 2011

Issues

Discrimination Area:

Disparate Treatment

Harassment / Hostile Work Environment

Discrimination Basis:

Race discrimination

Affected Race(s):

Black

EEOC-centric:

Direct Suit on Merits

Recommended Citation